What You Should Do to Find Out About Samples Persuaive Essay for Kids Before Youre Left Behind

What You Should Do to Find Out About Samples Persuaive Essay for Kids Before You're Left Behind A History of Samples Persuaive Essay for Kids Refuted School holidays have to be twice as long. The school day ought to be shorter. School should happen in the evenings. Year round school isn't a good idea. The Debate Over Samples Persuaive Essay for Kids Everyone on the planet should speak English. All criminals ought to be sentenced to death. Everyone can develop into a millionaire. Famous people set a terrible example for kids. Choosing Samples Persuaive Essay for Kids Is Simple Your kid was requested to compose an essay as part of a school project, or as a sort of essay contests for children, and you might find it hard to think of persuasive essay topics. There shouldn't be any homework. Importantly, you ought to think about how to compose argumentative essay introduction and ensure it is effective. There are a couple basic guidelines to follow to be able to be in a position to compose an excellent persuasive essay. Now that you understand more about the way to compose an effective thesis statement, you can get started writing your own thesis. As any guide on how best to compose a persuasive essay will inform you, your essay has to be organized in paragraphs with a logical progression from 1 paragraph to the next. Who Else Wants to Learn About Samples Persuaive Essay for Kids? Kids ought to be able to vote. School tests aren't powerful. Children should be asked to read more. They should be able to use cellphones in school. All charge card debt needs to be written off. The voting age has to be lowered. The retirement age should be raised. Unlike topics for middle school or higher school, decent college topics are somewhat more challenging to discover. Though some argue a college education ought to be free for everybody, it isn't going to increase graduation prices. Sex education ought to be taught at a lowly age. A college education isn't the correct choice for everybody, as many students graduate with a massive quantity of student debt and limited job opportunities. Persuasive essays are a fantastic approach to encourage the reader to check at a particular topic in a different light. On the opposing side, acquiring a list of good persuasive essay topics is insufficient. It's important to understand that essay topics are just basic ideas that leave you pondering a notion that might be a huge deal to another person. Most academic essay topics usually ask you to select a side in an argument or maybe to defend a specific side against criticism. Developing a title is among the hardest things that student might deal with. After you settle on this issue and pick the position on which you will base your essay, the remainder of the job can then begin. Before students begin to write, it is a very good idea for them to earn a list of the points they would like to make to their readers. In such a scenario, a student must decide on an acceptable topic to write about. Pets help to lessen stress levels. The legal drinking age should be raised. The fast food business is liable for obesity. Dangerous animals ought to be killed. The Good, the Bad and Samples Persuaive Essay for Kids If you're already searching for persuasive essay examples online, you most likely have a somewhat vague idea on how best to get started writing. You still have to make an outstanding bit of writing. The goal of brainstorming is to help you receive ideas. Simply take the time now to read more on the topic of persuasive writing. Then you're interested in figuring out how to compose persuasive paper. Possessing great research abilities and selecting a great topic is critical. You may trust us to offer expert assistance for many of your academic writing needs. Get assistance with your writing. The Battle Over Samples Persuaive Essay for Kids and How to Win It Examples might also be included in each one of the body paragraphs to more support and clarify your primary points. The issue, nevertheless, is that not all businesses can be relied on to deliver quality essays on time so you need to be cautious in selecting one.

Should Bullying Be Long Term - 847 Words

According to the NHS choices (2015), it is evident that around 46% of young people, have witnessed or been the victim of bullying during their childhood (Choices, 2016). Although there is no official legal definition of bullying, it is suggested that it is a repeated and negative behaviour which is deliberately used to hurt someone either physically or emotionally (Lives, 2013). There are many form of bullying including the most common; physical, verbal, relational and cyber bullying. It is often motivated against specific groups, including religion, gender, sexual orientation or race but can be initiated by disagreements or perceived differences (Department for Education, (DFE), 2015). Bullying can be long term, it may also effect individuals so much that on occasions they may lead to suicide. According to Hayes (2004) ‘it takes various forms, from name calling, teasing and physical abuse, to intimidation, extortion and serious physical assault’. Greater Manchester Safe guarding Partnerships (n.d.), firmly state that you should not underestimate the impact that bullying has on individual’s lives as it can generate high levels of distress, behaviour and social development problems and individuals wellbeing. According to DCSF (2008), bullying is one of the most detrimental forms of discrimination especially seen within children with special educational needs (SEN) and disabilities. For children, bullying can be a barrier to accessing education and succeeding in life however,Show MoreRelatedThe Short Term Effects Of Bullying On Adolescents969 Words   |  4 Pagesthe website Eyes on Bullying statistically in a U.S. national study with youth in grades 6 through 10, almost 30% —more than 5.7 million—were involved in moderate or frequent bullying during the current school term, as a bully, victim, or both. â€Å"According to researchers, bullying is still commonly viewed by many as just a harmless rite of passage or an inevitable part of growing up.† (Impact of Bullying Traits both victims, bullies into Adulthood) Does bullying have short term effects on adolescentsRead MoreBullying And The School A Safer Place913 Words   |  4 Pagesindirectly shows how to stop bully ing, it says that to stop bullying people need to have a good education. Bullying is the act of aggressive and continuous behavior against a weaker person that leads to physical and/or mental injuries. Most of bullying cases occur during childhood and in school years; this makes a kid to be afraid of going to school and not seizing the opportunity of having a good education. To stop this serious problem schools must take action on an anti-bullying campaign and make theRead MoreBullying : A Child s Worst Nightmare868 Words   |  4 PagesBullying. A child s worst nightmare; it is a terrible and recurring sight in society. All children can handle this differently. The causes of bullying are normally related to how a child is raised or just on his/her mental status. Bullying has negative effects on everyone involved; the bully, the victim, and even the bystanders. The prevention or stopping of bullying is necessary for society. By having a clear understanding of the causes and effects of bullying it will guide people to stopping orRead MoreThe Long Term Effects of Bullying Among Teenagers769 Words   |  3 Pagesthe reasoning behind an issue and or a prevention and intervention plan for major issues, such as bullying, that are affecting individuals and the society, it is important that theoretical frameworks are used. According to the 2010 statistics, with bullying becoming a rapidly growing issue and concern affecting both youth and adults, the crime of bullying will not be going away anytime soon. Bullying is performed in several different forms ranging from physically, verbally, and even cyber within ourRead MoreBullying And Its Effect On Children s Development Essay1708 Words   |  7 PagesBullying can happen as young as the child is placed in an environment associating with other children. As a matter of fact, bullying can happen at home when the child has another sibling also known as sibling bullying. There are several types of bullying from physical, social, verbal to cyber bullying. In this research paper, it will cover how bullying as a whole affects the child’s development. Bullying is typically a form of an ongoing aggressive behaviour intentionally directed at a certain individualRead MoreThe Long-Term Effects of Bullying Essay1409 Words   |  6 Pagesconcerns and effects of bullying. Its epidemic is also starting to become closely related to the growing numbers of suicide rates amongst adolescents within the United States and across the globe. However, there are several adults that may take bullying lightly thinking that it is just a part of kids being kids. Whereas to an adolescent, bullying can cause long-term effects as they transition into adulthood. However, in order for one to examine the long-term effects of bullying one must be able to defineRead MoreThe Effects Of School Bullying On Students And The Climate Of A School System891 Words   |  4 PagesImpact The influence of school bullying is not as one dimensional as some have thought, and recent studies have examined this issue from the angles of student perception as well as socio-cultural perspectives (Espelage et al., 2014). Bullying is a dynamic issue with the capability to impact schools in numerous areas. Researchers typically categorize the negative effects of school bullying in terms of short and long term consequences and in terms of its impact on individual students and the climateRead MoreThe Influence Of School Bullying881 Words   |  4 PagesThe influence of school bullying is not as one dimensional as some have thought, and recent studies have examined this issue from the angles of student perception as well as socio-cultural perspectives (Espelage et al., 2014). Bullying is a dynamic issue with the capability to impact schools in numerous areas. Researchers typically categorize the negative effects of school bullying in terms of both individual short and long term co nsequences and in terms of the overall climate of a school systemRead MoreBullying : Bullying And Bullying1394 Words   |  6 Pagesis however difficult to define bullying as there are different types of bullying. Bullying can be verbal, non-verbal, violent and non-violent. The reactions to bullying are also varied. While some do not mind bullying, some get severely affected by it. There are also others who grow stronger under constant bullying. Bullying can also occur at all ages and different environments. Kids, teenagers, and adults get bullied at school, in the Internet and at work. Bullying can also be quite subtle whereRead More Bullying in our Schools Essay1375 Words   |  6 PagesBullying in our Schools Bullies are an inextricable element of classroom culture, and they have been since long before it occurred to an educational expert to author a study about them. For a long time, the attitude toward bullying was that it is simply a natural part of the school experience – with so many children together, some would say it is unavoidable – but that it was mostly harmless and that the children would grow out of it. The events of April 20th, 1999 demonstrated just

Lincoln Electric Case free essay sample

Lincoln Electric Company in the year 1895. The first products that the company produced and sold were electric motors that he had designed himself. A Few years later, in 1907 his brother James, a recently graduate from the Ohio State University, joined as a senior manager; He was also the one who would introduce different and very innovative human resource policies over the next few decades. These policies included things like employee stock ownership, the creation of an Employee advisory board, as well as piecework pay. Most of these ideas were later adapted as standard US wide practices. The Welding business, which not really was one of the main focuses of the Lincoln Electric Company, became the main source of income by 1922. Welding which a special technique of -under heat bringing together different sources of metals. It is used for basically most of the industrial areas, from pipeline manufacturing to petrochemical complexes. From 1986 onwards, the company pursued a course of extensive internationally expansion. We will write a custom essay sample on Lincoln Electric Case or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This was started already way earlier in 1933 first, with the establishment of the Lincoln Electric Company in Australia and in 1953 with its expansion to France. However, from the mid 1980s onwards, Lincoln Electric expanded its manufacturing operations into 16 countries. This expansion peaked in 1995, when the company reached the $1 billion in sales the first time. It was also the year Lincoln began to trade its shares on the American stock market the NASDAQ. By 2005 it became the worlds leading manufacturer in the welding industry. Nowadays, (Dec. 31 2010) Lincoln Electric has net sales of $ 2,070 million. Why go abroad? As the Lincoln Electric Company’s idea and concept proved to be successful in the US from the 1930s onwards, it also operated outside of the country. Due to its success in its home market, the companies’ management was able to first gain enough market knowledge in order to enter new markets were a certain proficiency is required. Nevertheless, as markets and industries around the world differ in to each other (e. g.consumer tastes) the best idea was for Lincoln Electronic to first enter a market were the so-called â€Å"Psychic Distance† is not so high and less uncertainty. Therefore Australian was chosen, as this is psychological wise not so far from the Home / US American market. This phenomenon can be seen in the Uppsala Model. It includes four different steps, from first acquiring experience in the home market to wholly owned international operations. This will be explained in more detail later. However, as we can see in the Lincoln Electric case, the company first gain sufficient knowledge in their home market and later expanded internationally. But step by step further away (political, language and culture wise) from its home market. Uppsala Model Looking at the process of internationalization of Lincoln Electric, most of the facets of the Uppsala Model can be identified. So, this entry mode theory is most applicable in our opinion. In this section, we will elaborate upon the internationalization of Lincoln Electric while applying the stages of the Uppsala model. During the first stage companies tend to solely gain experience of their domestic markets. In the case of Lincoln Electric, it can be stated that it mainly focused on becoming the leading manufacturer in the United States. Core competencies are most important for the success of an MNE and for all companies those core competencies are their higher-order firm specific advantages (FSA’s). In this first stage of the Uppsala Model we will try to recognize all the FSA’s of Lincoln Electric. The first FSA is the company’s human resource policy, in which many facets can be recognized that provide productivity advances and which results in a variability of 60 percent of the personnel costs. Those facets are performance-based rewards, employee stock ownership, a piecework payment system, and bonuses based on company profits. Another FSA is that the company cuts costs in acquiring personnel, and simultaneously keeps holding a very well experienced and integrated workforce by building trust among the employees with policies like an employee advisory boards, employee suggestion systems, annuities for retired employees, group life insurances, and a no-layoff policy. The third recognized FSA is the company’s RD program; this program is the most aggressive, comprehensive and successful in the welding industry. This FSA led the company in new market introductions and quality performance. Fourthly, an important FSA for consumer relations is the ability to provide full welding solutions. The company is able to provide this due to the fact that it manufactures both arc welding equipment and consumable products. Summarized, the core competencies which provide the company with competitive advantages are the ability to cut personnel costs, the highly trained technical sales force, and the ability to provide excellent service for customers. The second stage in the Uppsala model states that the firm begins to operate abroad in a nearby market, and then slowly penetrates far away markets. When applying this to Lincoln Electric, it can be seen that the company encountered its first international experience in countries such as Canada, Australia and France in the 1940’s. These countries have a small psychic distance from the United States, therefore, the market uncertainty is perceived as low. Canada, Australia and France are psychically nearby, because issues with regard to trade unions, labour practices and laws are treated similarly in those countries. Furthermore, Canada and Australia are linguistically similar to the United States, and all the previous countries are western countries, so the cultures are not significantly different. Lincoln Electric started its first major international expansion between 1986 and 1992. It then increased its presence into 15 other countries, which were acquisitions in Venezuela, Mexico, Brazil, Scotland, Norway, the UK, the Netherlands, Spain, and Germany. However, this expansion was a real failure, the company faced difficulties due to executives’ inexperience with trade unions and their lack of knowledge of labour practices and laws in other countries. The company’s aim was namely to operate the new acquisition in Lincoln USA’s image, however they learned from this experience and as can be seen in stage four, their renewed global expansion is much more improved. The third stage of the Uppsala model states that companies tend to enter markets through export, instead of using sales or manufacturing subsidiaries of their own. However, this does not suit Lincoln Electric due to the fact that it is too costly to ship welding products because of their weight. It was for Lincoln Electric and other companies in the welding industry essential to set up a local or regional production facility. Therefore, Lincoln Electric had to instantly set up sales or manufacturing subsidiaries of their own without starting with solely exporting. In the fourth stage it is said that a company establishes wholly owned or majority-owned operations only after several years of experience. This can also be recognized as being the case with Lincoln’s internationalization. In 1996 their renewed globalization strategy started. This is characterized by many joint-ventures, acquisitions and start-ups over the world. Between 1996 and 2004, many expansions have been completed. At the end of this expansion period, the company tried to gain majority or wholly ownership in many of their acquisitions and joint-ventures, because they experienced that they could not fully control their operations in the way they wanted it. Attractiveness of India One of the most significant questions in the global strategy field is how multinational firms should navigate their way through multiple and often conflicting host-country institutional environments (Ghoshal and Westney 1992, Morgan et al. 2001). This is no different for Lincoln Electric who faced some problems while expanding overseas. When crossing borders, opportunity is mostly the driving force behind the expansion. Between 1986 and 1991, Lincoln took on unprecedented debt in order to finance foreign acquisitions, mostly in Europe. They initially had a lack of international management skill, and did not take into consideration local environment in each country when expanding globally. This was caused because not all of their firm specific advantages (FSA’s) where as transferable as they had hoped. For instance the incentive system that works very well in the U. S. did not work in European countries with different working environment and ethics. Lincoln had already tried to penetrate the Asian market before landing its eye on the India. Theoretically, a country will be attractive to a foreign investor if, in investing in that country, the investor gets a return that is equal to or higher than their risk-adjusted weighed cost of capital. (Urkude and Seshanna 2008) So how attractive is India for Lincoln Electric. With assessing a countries attractiveness two main categories can be distinguished: Country Risks, Market Opportunities and Industry Opportunities. For Lincoln there is only one country risk which is corruption, for the rest India is a stable, fast growing country with a solid political system. World Map Index of perception of corruption 2009i However there are a number of market opportunities. India’s infrastructure is still underdeveloped, and therefore demand for welding products is increasing with the upcoming construction and infrastructure activity in the next couple of years. Import sales to India were up by double digits in 2006, driven mostly by orders from the pipe mill and pipeline sector, and more recently from the automotive sector. (Lincoln Electric annual report 2008) The growth of the welding industry is similar to the growth of the entire economy of the particular country, and for this reason India makes an attractive opportunity. As seen in the graph below India’s GDP has grown dramatically over the last couple of years, and it is expected the welding industry will grow among these lines as well. India’s market is quickly growing as shown in the graph on the right. Not only the population but also GDP and exports. And the one below shows that the industry sector is coming on as well. For this reason the welding industry will benefit from the economic growth and be in the lift as a lot of these new construction projects require welding consumables. Industry opportunities lie in India as well, as demand for steel declined all over the world, it grew in India by as much as ten percent. (Frost and Sullivan 2010) But India is also a highly competitive market as 56 percent of welding consumables were being produced by large firms that had developed their own technology and 44 percent was being produced by a number of small firms that immediately tried to copy the large firms, as soon as their product became available on the market. So for Lincoln to be successful, they would have to keep innovating their products and make it hard for others to copy their products. Another point of interest is that with the welding market booming, a high price would have to be paid if Lincoln would want to enter the market by acquisition. This making it difficult for new entries in the market, but the two other options which are a joint venture and building an own factory are as much appealing as an acquisition. Lincoln already had some experience with joint ventures in China, but had trouble with the joint decision making that came with it. And with building their own factory they would have to weigh off the benefit off total control towards the starting up costs of the factory. The Indian government had also granted some fiscal and financial incentives by setting up tax-free zones and increasing the foreign direct investment (FDI) percentage in the aviation and real estate sector, which could generate a high demand for welding equipment. Overall it can be said that India is a very attractive market for Lincoln Electronic if they can get into the market either via acquisition, a joint venture or by building their own factory. Advice for Management The advice we would give the managers from Lincoln Electric, to help them to continue enhancing their market share and improve their geographical dominance in the welding industry is to acquire a smaller welding company. An option, which Lincoln Electric should consider is the case of ESAB, as, mentioned in the case â€Å"In 2000, ESAB had agreed to be purchased by Lincoln Electric for 750 million plus the assumption of $300 million in ESAB’s debt. Yet Lincoln Electric decided that same year not to go forward with the acquisition after antitrust and other issues arose in the due diligence process. † Even though these plans fell through, Lincoln Electric should reconsider purchasing ESAB, since it represents 75% of revenues of its parent company Charter, which is European- based company with a large global presence. ESAB India, which is part of ESAB, is also one of the main competitors of Lincoln Electric in India. Therefore, if Lincoln Electric could dissolve the antitrust problems and other problems that arose in the due diligence process, they will be able to acquire ESAB and to double their market share. To enforce the market share dominance of Lincoln Electric globally, an acquisition with a company like ESAB would be economically profitable. Analyzing the graph below, an acquisition with Lincoln Electric and a smaller company would create a welding market dominance. This will result in other competitors being left with a smaller market share due to a much larger dominating competitor. In this case, Lincoln Electric has the opportunity to purchase ESAB or another smaller welding company due to the high profits from the profitable US market. Because of that opportunity we would advice them to purchase and expand by means of increasing their market share by purchasing a competing company.

Police and Criminal Prevention in Nigeria Essay Example

Police and Criminal Prevention in Nigeria Essay The importance of law and order to orderly development and growth of a society, both in the physical and economic sence, cannot be over emphasized. It is only a mind that is secured and at peace that can rationally address the issues of procreation, economic development and societal growth. A disturbed mind is a restless and distraught personality. It is therefore imperative to have peace and order in the society to assure its growth and development.The role of law enforcement in the maintenance of peace and order in the society is a foregone conclusion. Every man by nature is selfish and self-centred;1 in most case he needs the presence of the state institution of law enforcement to be able to act right and just. Studies in anthropology and law show that however one goes back into the history of a people, one would find regulatory rules of conduct and mechanisms for enforcing these rules. The evolution of these mechanism has taken different shapes in different settings, depending on the political, social and economic stages of development of the people concerned. Thus irrespective of the people, state or nation concerned, the presence of law enforcement agencies in the body polity of the state is a sine qua non for safety of lifes and properties in a state. The place of the police in the scheme of things with respect to law enforcement cannot be over emphasized. Along sides, and times above all, others law enforcement3 agencies, the police provide and assure the internal security of the nation. ____________________________________________ Tunde Otubu LLB LLM BL Lecturer Faculty of Law, University of Lagos Akoka. 1.Thomas Hobbes Theory of Law of Nature 2 Tinubu K. O. â€Å"The Police and Administration of Justice in Nigeria in proceedings of the conference of NationalElectronic copy available at: http://ssrn. com/abstract=1126645 at 113 Association of Law Teachers held at Unilag on. 24-25 March 1972 page 112 3. Order Law Enforcement Agencies include the Army N DLEA, EFCC, CUSTOM SERVICES, State Security Services (SSS), Immigration Services, Prison Services etc 2. Realizing the important role of the police in state security scheme the Royal commission on Police in United Kingdom commented in 1962 that the maintenance of law and order ranks with national defence as a primary task of government. It is an essential condition of a nation’s survival and happiness†4 In furtherance of the foregoing there are several legislations and regulations put in place to assist the police at carrying out this duty of protection of life and properties of the citizen and the provision of internal security of the nation. One of such legislation is the Police Act. By virtue of the provision of section 4 of the Police Act. The police shall be employed for the prevention5 and detection of crime, the apprehension of offenders, the preservation of law and order, the protection of life and property and the due enforcement of all laws and regulation with which they are directly changed. †6 Arising from the above provision and in line with the topic of this paper we shall be focusing primarily on the prevention of crime duties of the police. This is not to suggest that this duty can be totally insolated and discussed from other related duties of the police, however the paper shall dwell much rather than the prosecution responsibilities.To do justice to topic the paper shall, outside the introduction, proceed to examine the concept of crime prevention and its corollary crime detection. It will then proceed to identify the legal framework or regime put in place to assist and ensure the realisation of the object of crime prevention and detection under Nigeria law. In doing this, the various schemes and practices of crime prevention and detection strategies being used and that may be used by the police in _______________________________________________________ 4. UK Royal Commission on Police (1962) cited by Tinubu K.O. , The Poli ce and Administration of Justice in Nigeria Proceedings of the Conference of NALTS 1972. 5. Cap 359 laws of Federation of Nigeria 1990 http://ssrn. com/abstract=1126645 Electronic copy available at: 6. Emphasis supplied 3. furtherance of their responsibilities under the police Act as stated above, shall be examined while also discussion the role of the members of the community in the exercise. In the conclusion the paper will then offer suggestion and reforms to the current regime in order to move the police institution forward in the new millennium.However before delving into the sequence outlined above it is appropriate to do a little study on who the policeman is and where does he derive his powers. An understanding and appreciation of such concept will go a long way at furthering our understanding of the complicities and inticracies of the work and role of the police in crime detection and prevention and the place of members of the public in the scheme of thing. We therefore pos e the question, who is a policeman? A. THE POLICEThe police have variously been referred to, rightly or wrongly as â€Å"the first line of defence of the nation†, â€Å"the first line of attack by the public,† â€Å"the keeper of the public’s peace†7. To the average Nigerian, the police represents the most visible epitome of the established authority, the sustainers of the status quo or the government of the day8. This perception of the police is traceable to the historical antecedent of the force during colonial days. 9 In the eye of the law every member of the police force irrespective of his rank is first and foremost a â€Å"police officer. †10 He exercise basic powers and performs basic duties. 1 These powers and duties flow from the status a police officer has under the constitution and not because of his rank12 in the force. Though ranks have to be created in order to make the _________________________________________________ 6. Section 4 Po lice Act Cap 359 LFN 1990 7. Tinubu K. O. The Police and Administration of justice in Nigeria, in proceedings of the conference of National Association of Law Teacher Unilag 24-25 March 1972. 8. Ibid p. 113 9. See generally Tamuno. T. N. Dr. The Police in modern Nigeria 1970 10. See Police Act Section 2, Criminal Produce Act Cap 80.Section 2, Interpretation Act Cap 192 Section 18(1) LFN 1990. 11. Section 4 Police Act. 12. See Regulation 273 of the Nigeria Police Regulation Cap 359 LFN 1990 Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn. com/abstract=1126645 4. force a disciplined and functional institution, the status which is police officer enjoys under the law takes primary position because it is the basis of the performance of police work. In the words of George amadi13 â€Å"This status is not generated by the fact that a police officer is a public servant but by reason of the originality of his authority (powers) which enables him to carry out his work.Unlike other public servantâ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. The authority of a police officer is original, flowing directly from the constitution†. The reason for this elevated privileged position of the police is rooted in man’s psychological make up. In traditional criminal justice system everyone acted as a policeman not because of any employment to that position but by the fact that policing was an activity which every citizen had a civil obligation to perform for the sake of peace and tranquility in the community. 4 This traditional reasoning has been carried on into the modern day as it is recognized that policing is a community and joint responsibilities of all citizens in the state. It is division of labour, amongst other thing that necessitated the formation of organized police force whose members were charged with the responsibilities of monitoring law and order on behalf of the people. 15 From the foregoing analysis, it follows that the police is a friend of the society and for it to be able to carry out its functions effectively members of the society must be ready and willing to lend support to its efforts.Thus, the duty of crime detection and prevention cannot be effectively carried out by the police except with persistent collaboration of the community at large. CRIME PREVENTION AND DETECTION The two concepts of crime prevention and detection, though so close and interwoven as to be taken as synonyms, one for the other, the two concepts are not the same. It is true that you can prevent the commission of a crime if you detect its anticipatory steps early enough before commission of the crime. However prevention as used under the Police Act refers to situation ___________________________________________________ 13. Amadi G. O. S. Police Power in Nigeria Afro-Orbis Publication Ltd 2000 page 11 14. Tamuno T. N. The police in modern Nigeria 1861-1965 15. Amadi G. O. S. op. cil p. 11 5. where crime are discovered and thus prevented before commission16. On the other hand crime detecti on refers to the investigatory power of the police to discover the commission of crime at any point in time and to be able to identify the personae criminis involved in the commission of the crime.It should be noted however that the two concepts mingles together and operate together in order to their the statutory good envisaged in section 4 of the Police Act. This conclusion is in escapable for you can only prevent a crime if you know of its existence and anticipate it; and you know of the existence of a crime, without being a party to it, if you detect it. Thus prevention of a crime can and is usually preceded by detection of acts to commit a crime.The general duties of the police are listed in Section 4 of the Police Act thus (i) the prevention and detection of crime (ii) the apprehension of offenders (iii) the preservation of law and order (iv) the protection of property (v) the due enforcement of all laws and regulation with which they are directly charged. Apart from these gen eral duties for maintenance of law and order, there are other adjunct duties under the Act and other laws and regulations operating in the country. By section 23 of the Police Act the olice are empowered to conduct prosecution of crimes, though subject to the power of the Attorney General of the State or Federation ad the case may be. Other provision enlarging or elaborating on the general powers of the police include, power of arrest without warrant in given situations, power to arrest without having warrant in possession, power to serve summons, general powers to search and detain suspects and power to take and record for purposes of identification and measurements, photographs and finger prints impression of all persons in lawful custody. 7 ___________________________________ 16. A ready example was the arrest in England of suspected Terrorists who had planned to blow up planes flying from UK to US. 17. See generally the Police Act. 6. The police are also empowered under the Crim inal Procedure Act/Code to arrest without warrant, 18 to arrest to prevent the commission of crimes19 and to interpose to prevent offences. 20 There are police powers of arrest, search etc under other Acts and various legislations for example the Firearm Act and Regulations, Children and Young Peoples Act etc.LEGAL FRAMEWORK The duties of the police in their overall enforcement of the law and maintenance of order are achieved through various ways, ranging from crime prevention methods, investigative and detective activities, prosecution, traffic control and regulations, to public or community service. Our enquiry is focused on the crime prevention strategies that may be employed by the police. In the words of the elders â€Å"prevention is better than cure. † This old saying is as poignant today as it was in the olden days of our forefathers.However the task of crime prevention is an hazardous and tedious exercise. Not only must the police officers be intelligent, brave and a ssiduous at duty, the organization must provide the wherewithal with which the police officer must do the task. In carrying out the crime prevention task, the police could avail itself of any or all of the following mechanisms. (a) BEAT PATROLS A beat is the area which a particular constable or group of constables is detailed to patrol during a single tour of duty. It may be a precinct in a city or town mbarassing as small as a couple of streets, roads, or as large as a kilometer radius, depending on the density of the population, the known rate of crimes, the economic or administrative importance of the establishment or building in the area. In the rural areas, it may be a collection of villages or hamlets or a stretch _____________________________________________________ 18. 19. 20. Sections 10 11 CPA, Sections 26, 27 41 CPC. Section 55 CPA Section 90 CPC. Section 53 CPA Section 112 CPC. 7. of kilometers of our national borders.Depending on the size, nature and extent of the b eat to be covered the concerned police officer may go on foot, bicycles, horse backs, or vehicles, and where necessary with the assistance of police trained dogs. The primary object of the beat patrol system is to disperse policemen in a way that will possibly eliminate or reduce the opportunity for misconduct and to increase the likelihood that an offender will be apprehended while he is committing an offence or immediately thereafter. The strong likelihood of immediate apprehension, no doubt, has a strong deterrent effect on potential offenders. 1 The beat system offers a close circuit monitoring system of the entire area covered by the concerned police officer and provides a good, reliable and first hand information and data on the criminal activities in the area. Where this practice is pursued vigorously, crime rate is bound to reduce drastically as potential crimes are detected early and prevented before maturing into full-blown offence. The system affords the police officer co ncerned, who is well atuned to his beats, to be able to spot quickly and easily any new-face in the area.It also engenders close affinity, respect and trust between the police institution/officer and members of the community within the beat precinct giving members of the community a sense of participation in crime prevention. This goes a long way at assisting the police at nipping commission of crime in the bud. The beat system also acts as a gag on potential offenders as the fear of being apprehended or discovered before the commission of the crime may deter him from further prosecution of the offence.Another advantage of this system is that it breads efficient police organization as each officer is given specific beat duty and as such, individual performance of the concerned officer can be easily and efficiently ascertained and measured with corresponding rewards and reproach. On the long run the beat system becomes the cheapest crime prevention and management option as __________ ____________________________________ 21. Tinubu K. O. op. cit. 8. most crime would have been nipped in the bud and the attendant cost of prosecution, and incarceration would be avoided.A corollary of the beat system was the moribound policy of posting DPO to their locality. The policy as constituted was laudable but it was killed by the hydra headed â€Å"Nigerian factor† in our body polity. The policy would have gone a long way at assisting the police in their crime prevention duties and stem the tide of official corruption in the institution. A police officer working within his locality is more likely to know the dark spots in the area and probably the criminals and potential criminals in his neighbourhood.As a â€Å"local† he will be circumspect at collecting bribes from members of the community as victims can easily trace his roots in the community and thus become stigmatized. In as much as this system is cheap on the long run and desirable in its import, it will n ot work well in an environment of distrust, ethnic bias, nepotism and corruption. The system will also fail except and unless there is adequate logistic and institutional support both from the government and the private sector in the state.Since the system rests strongly on prompt, efficient and effective communication network, it may fail where there is no support system like good roads reliable communication system and efficient energy backup. Also, the initial capital outlay for the implementation of the system nationally may be outlandish. Inspite of this however, you will also agree with me that crime detection and prevention task has improved since the introduction of GSM phones in the country. (B) ANTI VICE SQUADSThis is a surveillance squad operating in disguise and carrying out intelligent surveillance of areas that one potentially breeding grounds for various vices such as gambling, prostitution, rioting etc. They operate at large gatherings, public places, and motor parks etc where theft and affray have been found to be rampant. The objective of the squad is to gather information and 9. provide proactive measures to prevent the commission of crime and where that fails, to at least immediately apprehend the criminals at the point of commission of the offence.This measure has been used at various times, with varying degrees of success, by the police authorities to carry out raids on these breeding places of crime. Such raids have led atimes to arrest and prosecution of drug users and peddlers, arms dealers and robbers etc. Through the system is good as a measure of crime prevention, its use over a long period of time is doubted. Not only is it expensive to run on a long time basis but it also imparts negatively on the public image posture of the police; for it implies a fire brigade approach to crime prevention and management.The system can also be easily abused by overzealous police officer. (C) STOP DETAIN AND SEARCH By virtue of the powers conferre d by the provision of section 25 of the police Act, a police officer on beat is expected to be vigilant and on his suspicion being aroused, entitled to stop, detain and search any person whom he reasonably suspects of having in his possession or conveying in, any manner anything he has reason to believe has been stolen or unlawfully obtained or with reference to which an offence has been committed. 2 In the words of Tinubu23 this mechanism, when sedulously employed in a police jurisdiction, yields tremendous results for detecting offences, as much as preventing them. (D) SPECIE ESCORTS Armed policemen guarding large sum of money, valuables or explosives in transit. This is a service rendered free of charge to governmental and quasi-governmental agencies, but on payment of fees, to private organizations and individuals. __________________________________________________ 23.See also Section 10 (1)d Criminal Procedure Act. 23. K. O. Tinubu op. cit at 122. 10. (E) STATIC GUARDS This was a time honoured important anti crime prevention model adopted in advance world and partially in Nigeria during the colonial era and the first republic. Through this model police guards are provided at public institutions and places to check ingress and exist of customers and clients etc and prevent crimes is relation to such establishments.It is true that this crime prevention method has been overshadowed with the developments of close circuit monitors, it is still however been used with respect to public institutions and installations. The recent experience of guarding NNPC installations by arms guards readily comes to mind. (F) NATIONAL (INTERNAL) SECURITY The police in collaboration with the relevant state security agencies also provide surveillance network on the activities of persons considered security risks in order to prevent sabotage and subversion of the nation and its established institutions.REGULATING ASSEMBLIES, PROCESSIONS ETC The police are empowered to prevent like ly breach of the peace and contain any tendency towards in citing and provocative acts etc by persons initially gathered for a lawful purpose, or such acts by others towards a lawful gathering and or possession. Though there is no definition of the phrase â€Å"breach of the peace† in our criminal legislation, yet the phrase form a constituent part of several offences. 24 It is provided, for instance that it is on offence when three or more persons, with intent to arry out some common purpose, assemble in such a manner or being assembled, conduct themselves in such a manner as to cause persons in the neighbourhood to fear on reasonable grounds that the persons so assembled will ___________________________________________________ 24. See Sections 69,71, 80-83 of the Criminal Code. 11. tumultuously disturb the peace or will be such assembly needlessly and without any reasonable occasion provoke other persons tumultuously to disturb the peace. 5 This type of offence which genera tes a breach of peace called unlawful assembly and is punishable as a nisolemeanour. 26 Where the persons unlawfully assembled legion to act riotously in a manner as to disturb the peace27 it is treated as a felony. 28 In this aspect of preventive justice two important issues always confront the police in the exercise of their preventive powers. The first is in respect of the type of behaviour which qualities as a phenomenon that causes or likely to cause a breach of the peace.And the second is whether a breach of the peace or a conduct likely to generate it can occur in a public as well as in a private place. 29 With respect to the first issue the judicial and academic approach is that the behaviour in question is not confined to criminal acts or conducts but could also includes such other wrongful acts. 30 On the second issue the consensus of opinion, findinal and statutory authorities is that such conduct that causes or likely to cause the breach of the peace is not confined to p ublic places31 alone as such acts could also occur or be carried out in private places. 2 In the words of Amadi: â€Å"Offences dealt with under Chapter 10 of the Criminal Code are these in relation to breaches of the peace. There is nothing throughout the chapter which suggests that a breach of the peace is either a purely public or private phenomenon. †33 Where the police are alive and proactive about their duties to the citizens and the state they can effectively and efficiently use this powers to pre vent the commission of crimes and or ring it is the bud. ________________________________________________ 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33.Ibid Section 69. Ibid Section 70. Ibid Section 69. Ibid Section 71. See generally Amadi G. O. S. op. cit. 96 for a lucid discussion on this preventive powers of the police. See also Tinubu K. O op. cit. See Cop v. Agi 1986 1 NCR 234, Timothy v. Simpson 149 ER 1285) See Section 83 Criminal Code, Shokeye II IGP (1962) 2 ALL NLR 119. See Se ction 86(2) Criminal Code. Amadi G. O. S. op. cit 111. 12. THE SUPERVISEE SYSTEM34 This system enables the police to keep on eye on the movement and activities of criminals who, on conviction, are sentenced to police supervision.The term of the order of supervision couple the supervisee to report to the police in his area of residence once a month (when he may be questioned as to his activities etc during the past month), from one police jurisdiction to another and other such change to continue to report monthly to the police of his new residence. Whilst in a particular area, he may not change his address without prior intimation of the police in his area. This police powers which is hardly put to use could serve as a veritable mechanism for crime prevention and detection. The police is afforded the opportunity of onitoring the activities and movements of known and habitual offender in order to prescripts and anticipate their next or potential crime monoveroures. POLICE PREVENTIVE P OWERS UNDER CPA CPC By for these are the most portent powers conferred on the police to prevent the commission of imminent crimes and curb the activities of persons who are dangerous to the public. This powers include, recognizance to keep the peace,35 security for behavour of suspected persons,36 security for good habitual criminals or offenders,37 power to interpose to prevent offence and injury to public property,38 power to arrest to prevent offences. 9 Under Sections 35, 36 and 37 of the Criminal Procedure Act the police using the machinery of the criminal justice system are empowered to cause a magistrate to issue an order of recognizance on a person to keep the peace or give under taking for good behaviour for such a period usually not exceeding one year. This order to show cause, usually given with or without ________________________________________________________ 35. See generally Section 3 Prevention of Crimes Act; Sections 19-24 Prevention of crimes Regulations. 34.Sect ion 35 CPA, Sections 87 88 CPC. 35. Section 36 CPA. 36. Section 37 CPA, Section 89 CPC. 37. Section 53(1) CPA, Section 112 CPC. 38. Section 55 CPA, Section 90 CPC. 39. Section 4 Criminal Code. 13. sureties serves the purpose of putting in check the activities of persons likely to commit offences and thereby prevent or at least slow down the incidents of crime. Section 53 of the CPA provides that, â€Å"every police officer may interpose for the purpose of preventing, and shall to the best of his ability, prevent, the commission of a crime. This section contains two provisions. Firstly the police officer has a duty to interpose between the would be offender and the potential victim and thus prevent the commission of the Criminal conduct. Through the commission of the offence is prevented the would be offender may still be charged with the commission of the offence of attempt to commit an offence. 40 Secondly the officer must use his best ability when interposing, to prevent the com mission of the offence. Interposition not based on the best of his ability to prevent crime is worthless.It is important to point out that this provision helps to check the citizen from taking the law into his own hands by trying to reiterate and thereby committing another offence. By virtue of Section 55 of the CPA, â€Å"a police officer knowing of a design to commit any offence may arrest, without orders from a magistrate and without a warrant, the person so designing, if it appears to such officer that the commission of the offence cannot otherwise be prevented. 41 This power is exercisable irrespective of the rovisions of the CPA or any other law in relation to arrest. It is evident form this section that the preventive action of the police must first be carried out without actually arresting the person designing to commit an offence. 42 It is therefore when it becomes obvious to the police that the criminal intention is about to manifest into a criminal act that an arrest mus t take place. __________________________________________________ 40. 41. 42. See also Section 281 Criminal Code, Section 90 Criminal Procedure Code. R v.Okoye (1950) 19 NLR 103. Section 218 Criminal Code. 14. Finally in giving the police the authority to take preventive measures, the law allows them to use such reasonable force as may be necessary for the prevention of crimes. 43 COMMUNITY RESPONSIBILITY FOR CRIME PREVENTION Public hostility and indifference are the most perplexing problems the police force today. The Nigerian publics have come to demand so high an expectation from the police. The top hierarchy of the Nigerian Police Force do not begrudge them for doing so.No one is more sensitive to the great and urgent need for more efficient and effective law enforcement than the top brass of the forece. 44 They not only appreciate but also concede that without the full and in compromising support of the public, their efforts cannot fructify. The problem however is that the publi c do not advert their minds to the limitations placed on police capabilities by various factors not of their own making. The individual citizen fails to appreciate that he is equally responsible for law enforcement and that he has powers and obligations under the law to accomplish this task.If he was an eyewitness of a crime, he would rather decide to look the other way than perform what one may regard his civic, if not legal, duty to come forward to give the police necessary information in his possession. Amongst the many criticisms that have been leveled against the police and quoted as responsible for the not too inspiring police/public relations are the followings: (i) The police are too corrupt (ii) (iii) (iv) The police are high handed and prove to excesses; they even harass complements. The police delay members of the public unnecessarily at police stations, even where they are complements or witnesses.The police are inefficient. _____________________________________ 43. 44. Tinubu K. O. op. cit 162. Ibid at 164. 15. It is futile to deny any of these charges. 45 However irrespective of these shortcomings of the police, individuals and communities within the society owes the singular responsibilities, amongst others, to himself/themselves and to the state to be conscious of their self preservative rights. This right is best exemplified when you try to anticipate and prevent yourself from being harmed by action of others.By so doing you are carry out the civil and legal duty of crime prevention in the society. 46 This task of crime prevention is not achieved through retaliatory actions or pre-emptive violence but by promptly reporting such incident or fact to the laws enforcement agency in your neighbourhood. According to one Yoruba adage â€Å"Ajeji Owo kan ko gberu olori†, literally meaning â€Å"One single hand cannot achieve the task of putting the load on the head. In essence all hands must be on deck to achieve the task and we all have a res ponsibility and a role to play in the crime prevention task.Outside the self preservation duty of members of the community to prevent the commission of crime by reporting some to the police, the law imposes a duty on members of the community to assist the police in their crime prevention function. 47 By virtue of the provision of section 34(b) of the Criminal Procedure Act, 48 â€Å"Every person is bound to assist a †¦. Police officer reasonably demanding his aid in the preventive or suppression of a breach of the peace†. It is on offence to omit, without reasonable excuse, to assist a police officer in preserving the peace. 9 Although the statute does not define what amounts to a â€Å"reasonable excuse† the interpretation at common law as espoused in R v. Brown assistance to our courts. ________________________________________________________ 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. See generally: Tamuno, T. N. op. cit particularly chapter 3. Section 24 (1) Police Act. Cap. â₠¬ ¦.. LFN 1990. Sections 201 and 200 of the Criminal Code. 174 ER 522. Section 40 Police Act. 50 may be of persuasive 16. According to the court in the case it is only a physical impossibility or other lawful excuse that can justify the defendant’s refusal to help the police.It is not lawful to say that one’s aid to a police officer, if given, would not have proved sufficient or useful. Members of the community are also a expected to assist a police officer in the course of his duty. The law provides that if any person is called upon to aid and assist a police officer, who is, while in the execution of his duty, assaulted or resisted, or in danger of being assaulted or resisted and such person refuses or neglects to aid and assist accordingly, he shall be guilty of an offence and†¦.. hall be liable to a penalty of fifty Naira or 6 months imprisonment†. 51 The fulcrum of the foregoing section is not in the penalty clause but in the fact that members of the pu blic are expected to offer assistance to the police officer in the course of his duty of crime prevention or apprehension particularly when such police officer requires such assistance in time of need to prevent or apprehend the commission of a crime.The high points of the discussion under this head is that not only one members of the public/community communally bound to prevent the commission of crime, but that they are also statutorily required, at the pain of being punished, to assist and work with the police in the task of crime prevention. This relationship between the police and the community can be effectively carried dout where members of the community provides prompt, necessary and adequate information that may assist the police in their work.It is in the light of the above that one may commend the setting up of vigilante groups in the communities to fight the scourge of crime and assist the police in their crime prevention initiatives. _____________________________________ ______________ 51. 17. CONCLUSION The importance of law and order in the society cannot be over

A Worn Path Essays - Phoenixes In Popular Culture, Eudora Welty

A Worn Path Essays - Phoenixes In Popular Culture, Eudora Welty A Worn Path Conflict in Eudora Welty's A Worn Path In Eudora Weltys A Worn Path the conflict was not apparent at the very beginning. What was a poor, elderly sick woman doing gallivanting in the forest during the dead of winter? The reason became clear towards the conclusion of the story as the action revealed that the conflict was obtaining the necessary medicine for her grandson. When this conflict became obvious, another question came to mind. What kind of society did this woman live in that she had to go all the way from her home in the countryside to the city by herself to get the medicine? The conflict being illustrated is that of an individual versus society and the four problems that Phoenix faces as a result of this was her old age, her health, her grandsons health and her state of poverty. Her eyes were blue with age. Her skin had a pattern all its own of numberless branching wrinkles (paragraph 2). This quotation was one of many indications of Phoenix Jacksons old age. Normally, in society there are benefits for the elderly and those of the golden age. There are various organizations that help people who are over the age of sixty-five. They also provide various services towards them such as meals on wheels. Was there not someone who could have delivered the medicine to this woman of nearly 100 years of age? Perhaps Phoenix Jackson was too shy or had too much pride to ask for a service of that nature. The doctors from the medical building knew about the condition of Phoenixs grandson and did nothing to try and help. This showed the lack of respect that was present in the society. In todays society, someone of that age commands and deserves the proper respect. She carried a thin, small cane made from an umbrella, and with this she kept tapping the frozen earth in front of her, (paragraph 1). The next conflict that plagued her is that of her health. In the preceding quotation, there was one important note that readers should take into consideration. The fact that she kept persistently tapping the earth in front of her could only indicate one thingthat she was visually impaired. She may not have been completely blind, but she had to have been substantially impaired to have kept tapping her cane in a redundant manner. Someone who is even remotely visually impaired should not be traveling in the forest. Phoenix also suffered from a problem that often plagues people at an old age. This problem is senility. But she sat down to rest She did not dare to close her eyes and when a little boy brought her a plate with a slice of marble-cake on it she spoke to him. That would be acceptable, she said. But when she went to take it there was just her own hand in the air, (paragraph 15). This was just one out of many instances in the story where Phoenix talked to herself and had hallucinations. Talking to ones self in the forest is a definite sign of senility. Phoenix did not allow her two disabilities to get in her way, but had society cared for her properly she would have been in an institution for the elderly. As for her grandsons health, the readers know that he also, was not doing well. The only pertinent information given was that he swallowed lye, (paragraph 91). He, also, should have been receiving professional care. An American society in the nineteen fortys did not provide free health care, and that sets up the final conflict, the state of poverty of Phoenix Jackson. Its Christmas time, Grandma, said the attendant. Could I give you a few pennies out of my purse? Five pennies is a nickel, said Phoenix stiffly, (paragraph 100) This quotation, a conversation between Phoenix and the attendant at the medical building, came after Phoenix had arrived at the doctors office and had already received her medicine from the attendant. Phoenix was not ashamed to ask for the extra pocket change so that she could buy her grandson a windmill made out of paper. That nickel was the second nickel that she had managed to obtain. The first five cents

Example Student Teacher Observation Checklist

Example Student Teacher Observation Checklist To prepare yourself for a student teacher role, familiarize yourself with the roles and responsibilities of a student teacher. The experience is rewarding, demanding, and depends on periods of review from other teachers and administrators. These general checklists closely align to ones a student teacher would encounter in the field from college professors and mentoring educators.   Classroom Observation by Cooperating Teacher Here you will find a question or statement followed by specific areas the cooperating teacher will be observing the student teacher on. 1. Is the student teacher prepared? Do they have an organized, detailed lesson plan and all materials needed? 2. Do they have knowledge of the subject matter and a purpose? Can the student teacher answer students questions? Can he/she motivate students to peak their interest in the subject matter? 3. Can the student teacher control students behavior? Keep their attentionInvolve students in the lessonStop lesson when neededAware of individual needsProvide positive reinforcement 4. Does the student teacher stay on topic? Do they follow a logical sequence? 5. Is the student teacher enthusiastic about the lesson they are teaching? Are students excited shown through class participation and behavior?Are the activities appropriate? 6. Does the student teacher have the ability to: Stay on topic?Give directions?Reach objectives?Vary questions?Involve students?Encourage participation and thinking?Summarize lesson? 7. Is the student teacher able to present: Enthusiasm?Details?Flexibility?Speech and grammar? 8. Do students actively participate in class activities and discussions? Are students attentive and interested?Are students cooperative and responsive? 9. How do the students respond to the student teacher? Do they follow directions?Do they display understanding?Are they respectful? 10. Does the teacher communicate effectively? Provide visual aidsTone of voice Areas of Observation by College Supervisor Here you will find several topics that can be observed during a single lesson. 1. General appearance and demeanor Dresses appropriatelyGood posture, animation, and smiles 2. Preparation Provides and follows a lesson planHas knowledge of the materialIs organizedIs creativeProvides teaching aids 3. Attitude towards the classroom Respects studentsListens to studentsEnthusiasticDisplays a sense of humorHas patience and sensitivityHelps students when needed 4. Effectiveness of lessons Motivates through instruction and presentationMeets objectivesStays on topicPaces lessonEncourages class participationCarefully directs and explains expectationsUses effective questioningAbility to summarize the lessonHas a concluding activityCorrelates lesson with other subjects 5. Presenter effectiveness Speaks clearly using proper grammarAvoids using  colloquialisms such as you guys and yeahAttentive to detailsHas confidenceBoard writing is legibleMaintains authority 6. Classroom management and behavior Does not embarrass, use sarcasm, or argue with studentsRemains an adult at all timesDoes not tolerate or dwell on inappropriate behaviorKeeps lesson flowing and knows when to stop or wait Areas of Observation Used in Self-Evaluation This list of questions forms the basis of a self-evaluation process for a student teacher. Are my objectives clear?Did I teach my objective?Is my lesson timed well?Do I remain on one topic too long or too short?Do I use a clear voice?Was I organized?Is my handwriting legible?Do I use proper speech?Do I move around the classroom enough?Did I use a variety of teaching materials?Do I show enthusiasm?Do I have make good eye-contact with the students?Did I explain the lesson effectively?Were my directions clear?Did I show confidence and knowledge of the subject?

The Most Effective Way of Looking at the Health Essay

The Most Effective Way of Looking at the Health - Essay Example Usually, the main causes of morbidity are the likely combinations of biochemical, genetic, psychological and environmental factors. Studies in England have shown that this type of illness is a disorder of the brain. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a brain-imaging device had shown that the brains of people with depression are different than those without depression. How is the health care system of England delivered to its people? A health care system is a group of people organized to provide health care services to the people who are part of it. England’s National Health Service (NHS) is considered to be its publicly funded health care system (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Health_Service).   It has also been a separate system from the other national health systems which are also operating in England. The NHS has been active in providing the people with healthcare including primary care, in-patient care, dentistry, and ophthalmology. On July 1948, the National Health Service Act 1946 became effective thus NHS has become an essential system for the majority of the British people. Although private care has still been operating in this country, paid by most private insurance companies, yet, a large percentage of the British population are mainly using the services the NHS provided. Because NHS is funded by England’s Department of Health, it further provides the majority of the necessary th ings concerning a patient’s health free of charge. People with permanent disabilities and low income are usually the ones who are provided with 100% services free of charge. Around 86% of prescriptions are covered free for the others.               Because of England’s NHS, the people will receive immediate attention where health is concerned. In fact, among all countries, British people can be considered lucky to receive such health care services for free. Although the death of a person is a natural event, the presence of health care services could be considered as one of the great things that could prevent a person’s untimely death. Regardless of whether a person may or may not die on an exact date, at least, there are people who are doing their best to save one’s life.  Ã‚  

Operations Management Issues at ABC Manufacturers Term Paper

Operations Management Issues at ABC Manufacturers - Term Paper Example The ROI is at 30% after taxes, based on the asking price. It is expected that these numbers could be even higher, based on preliminary marketing projections. However, ABC has several operational issues that need to be addressed prior to the purchase. The following will discuss these operational issues and will outline a plan for rectifying them. Understanding Solar Water Heaters. In order to perform a proper assessment of the market and opportunities that lie in the Solar Hot Water Heater market, it is important to gain an understanding of how they work and the various types that are available on the market. Solar hot water heating systems include storage tanks and solar collectors. Compared to other types of hot water heating systems, they pay for themselves overtime as the customer saves money by not purchasing an alternate fuel source. Solar systems use solar energy from the sun, which is free. The initial cost is paid back over time, after which the cost for the unit is free, oth er than for repairs. The decision to install a solar hot water heater has a high initial cost that represents a longer-term investment in which its payback is sometime in the future. There are three different types of collector systems for solar water heating units. The first type is the flat-plate collector, which consists of a weatherproofed, insulated box. Inside the box is a dark absorber plat that is under one or more glass or plexiglass panels. The absorber plate itself can be either metal or polymer. The integral collector-storage system has one or more black tanks or tubes in and insulated glazed box. In this system, the solar hot water heater acts as a pre-heater, warming the water before it passes through a conventional system. The third type of solar water heater is the evacuated-tube solar collector. This type of system uses parallel rows of glass tubes. These tubes contain a glass outer tube and a metal absorber tube attached to a fin. The fin absorbs solar energy, but prevents radiant heat loss. The evacuated-tube system is used in a commercial setting. Most residential systems are either the flat-plate collector type, or the integral collector-storage system. Circulation systems can be either direct or indirect systems. The direct system pumps water through the collectors and into the house. They are used in climates that do not experience freezing temperatures. The indirect heating system circulates non-freezing heat-transfer fluid through the colle

The Revenue Essay Example for Free

The Revenue Essay Since Gavin was, a successful pharmacist and Stanley had in site on a great discovery this could be something great. They set up a small laboratory on the balcony of Mr. Herberts drugstore in Los Angeles to make the solution, which they named ALLERGAN ® Nasal Drops. Allergan has become a company not just for eyes but they also have patents for conditions, such as cervical, medical dermatology (Allergan Inc. , 2012) THE SUCCESS OF ALLERGAN 3 Assess how globalization and technology changes have impacted the corporation you researched. With approximately 10,500 employees and a presence in more than 100 countries, we work hard to make sure our products reach the people who need and want them worldwide. (Allergan 2012). Allergan has branched out into other treatments besides the eye care of dry eye, glaucoma, and other eye conditions. Now they treat cervical dystonia, which is breast asester blepharospasm, strabismus, upper limp spasticity, and facials. They also specialize in medical dermatology such as acne, psoriasis, severe primary axillary, hyperhidrosis, inadequately managed with urocogics and over active bladder and urinary incontinence. With Allergan having, a diverse approached helped how globalization and technology has impacted the company, based on their patent products that helps people live better and feel better. When needs are not meet they make sure they go beyond what is expected of them to keep up with the technology of the different products. Allergan has a partnership with the medical community. Having these partnerships helps the company come up with their own thoughts and insight of customer satisfaction by improving their product based their customer’s outcome. They provide customers with the tools and education needed to keep them updated on the latest information so the customer can informed their doctor of any decisions they make. (Allergan 2012) SUCCESS OF ALLERGON 4 Apply the industrial organization model and the resource-based model to determine how your corporation could earn above-average returns. According to Strategic Management 10th edition, 2013 above average returns were earned when firms are able to effectively study the external environment as the foundation of identifying an attractive industry. Hebert’s friend Stanley Bly sought to implement a strategy to reduce competitive rivalry and form a joint venture. Joint ventures increase profitability in this company. As stated below based on the 2012 annual report sales is expected to increase in the future and helps the company earn an above average return. For the full year of 2012, Allergan expects total product net sales between $5,650 million and $5,800 million. Total specialty pharmaceuticals net sales between $4,740 million and $4,850 million. Total medical devices net sales between $910 million and $950 million. ALPHAGAN ® franchise product net sales between $420 million and $440 million. LUMIGAN ® franchise product net sales between $620 million and $640 million. Restasis product net sales were between $750 million and $780 million. Botox product net sales were between $1,760 million and $1,800 million. Latisse product net sale were at approximately $100 million. Breast aesthetics product net was between $360 million and $380 million. Obesity intervention product net sales were at approximately $170 million. Facial aesthetics product net sales were between $380 million and $400 million. Non-GAAP cost of sales to product net sales ratio at approximately 14%. Non-GAAP was other revenue at approximately $90 million. Non-GAAP selling, general and administrative expenses to product net sales ratio at approximately 39%. Non-GAAP research and development expenses to product net sales ratio at approximately 16%. SUCCESS OF ALLERGAN 5 Non-GAAP amortization of acquired intangible assets was at approximately $25 million. This expectation excludes the amortization of certain acquired intangible assets associated with business combinations, asset purchases and product licenses. Non-GAAP diluted earnings per share attributable to stockholders between $4. 15 and $4. 19. Diluted shares were outstanding at approximately 308 million. Effective tax rate on non-GAAP earnings were at approximately 28%. For the third quarter of 2012, Allergan expects total product net sales between $1,370 million and $1,445 million. Non-GAAP diluted earnings per share attributable to stockholders between $1. 02 and $1. 04. (Allergan Report Second Quarter 2012) Allergans executive team comes together to collaborate by understanding and meeting the needs of patients. The team accommodates the needs of the patients that are not meet. â€Å"When fiscal, social and corporate responsibility, and listening to employees we share a unified vision of what it means to bring the best of medicine to life. We actualize this vision through the execution of our strategic objectives as a company, and consider it realized when innovative ideas are translated into products that make life better†. (Allergan 2012) SUCCESS OF ALLERGAN 6 Assess how the vision statement and mission statement of the corporation influence its overall success. The vision of this company is to meet with the medical specialists to find out needs that were not meet and to make a commitment to patience. They strategize their objective as a company and try to come up with new ideas that make their products better for their patients. â€Å"In partnership with the medical community, we bring to bear scientific excellence and rigor to deliver leading products that improve patient outcomes Customer Focus Every action we take is with an eye on the â€Å"Three P’s†: The patients who benefit from our products, the physicians who trust our products and the payers who recognize the value of our products. Impact We make an impact – going the extra distance to get the very best results, applying the highest standards to all that we do. People + Passion We succeed primarily through our people, whose talent brings quality to our work and whose passion brings commitment – not just from processes and structures alone. Collaboration We are committed to sharing our knowledge and collaborating as a team to reach common goals. We promote and encourage different personal and cultural perspectives that drive new thinking. Innovation We are uncomfortable with the status quo. We adapt, we improve, we have the courage to thoughtfully take risks as a team and seize new opportunities – for the company and ourselves. Integrity We get results the right way, without cutting corners. We are transparent, clear and respectful in our dealings with customers, co-workers and partners† (Allergan 2012) SUCCESS OF ALLERGAN 7 Evaluate how each category of stakeholder impact the overall success of this corporation. Stakeholders â€Å"Today, we have approximately 10,500 highly dedicated and talented employees, global marketing and sales capabilities. With a presence in more than 100 countries, a rich and ever-evolving portfolio of pharmaceuticals, biologics, medical devices and over-the-counter consumer products, and state-of-the-art resources in Ramp;D, manufacturing and safety surveillance that help millions of patients see more clearly, move more freely and express themselves more fully. (The World of Allergan) Allergan capital market shareholders have major suppliers like Bank of America, Merril Lynch, and Wells Fargo. The product market stakeholders are the customers that Allergan meets the needs of when others cannot meet it. Their supplies are Ramp;D who staffing demands has grown since being outside the US has grown by 20 percent in the last couple of years. Based off the company wanting the best product for the best prices for the good and services they provide. This also keeps the customer and the stakeholder happy. Organizational Stakeholders; they also support local market development by temporarily having their employees in start-up markets and soon move to a more advanced one. The executive leadership committees reward their employees with a Hidden Gem Award, quarterly. This award program recognizes and rewards employees who embody Allergans spirit of innovation and serve as an example and inspiration to their fellow colleagues†. They also reward those who are contributing to the business. (Allergan 2012) SUCCESS OF ALLERGON 8 Reference (2009). Allergan Inc. Innovative Sourcing for an Innovative Company, Clarkson Consulting. www. allerganviews. co Pyott, David. (2012) Allergan Performance Re port

Trees :: essays research papers

Trees Trees are woody plants with a distinct stem, or trunk. They are usually the tallest of plants, and their height and single main stem differentiate them from shrubs. Trees are perennials that live at least three years. Some tree species are extremely short but others may reach a height of more than 367 feet. The General Sherman Tree, a giant sequoia in California’s Sequoia National Park, has a height of 275 feet and a diameter of 37 feet. The largest trees are not always the oldest. The bristlecone pine, for example, grows to a height of only 30 feet but one specimen has been dated to be at least 4600 years old.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are two general types of trees, angiosperms and gymnosperms. Angiosperms are flowering plants that have a seed. They include maples and oaks, which are dominant species in Kentucky. Gymnosperms, on the other hand, do not bear flowers. Their seeds lie exposed in structures such as cones or fleshy cups called arils. This group includes conifers, gingkos, and cycads. Trees grow throughout the world, from the icy regions near the Arctic to the steaming tropical regions near the equator. They may grow along steep cliffs, in swamps and deserts, and on mountaintops at even the highest of elevations. Although trees can grow alone, most grow in strands, which consists of one species or a mixture of species. A forest is a plant community that is made up of the trees, shrubs, and herbs that cover an area. Forests provide many social, economic, and environmental benefits. Forest provide wildlife habitat and recreational opportunities, prevent soil erosion and flooding, and help to provide clean air and water. Forests are also an important defense against global climate change. Through a process known as photosynthesis, plants exchange the oxygen that is necessary for life with carbon dioxide, the chemical most responsible for global warming. By decreasing the amount of carbon dioxide forests may reduce the effects of global warming. In the United States, forests are threatened by extensive logging, called clear-cutting, which destroys much of the plant and animal habitats and leaves the landscape bare. Until the 1990’s, the U.S. Forest Service was directed by Congress to maximize the amount of timber harvested in order to provide jobs. In the late 80’s and early 90’s, environmentalists sued the government for violating the National Environmental Policy Act. As a result, the amount of timber harvested was reduced and foresters were directed to follow a policy known as ecosystem management.

Comparison Paper

Comparison Paper Brittany Seawright NUR/ 408 February 11, 2013 Beth Edwards Comparison Paper According to a report published in 1988 by the Institute of Medicine, public health was defined as â€Å"what we, as a society, do collectively to assure the conditions in which people can be healthy† (Stanhope & Lancaster, p. 7, 2012). The mission of public health was â€Å"to generate organized community effort to address the public interest in health by applying scientific and technical knowledge to prevent disease and promote health† (Stanhope & Lancaster, p. , 2012). The definition and mission of public health has not changed. â€Å"In the United States, the local-state-federal partnership includes federal agencies, the state and territorial public health agencies, and the 3200 local public health agencies† (Stanhope & Lancaster, p. 990, 2012). Healthy People 2020 and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) are agencies of public health at the national level . The state health department is an agency of public health at the state and county levels. The interaction of these agencies is critical to effectively leverage precious resources, both financial and personnel, and to protect and promote the health of populations† (Stanhope & Lancaster, p. 990, 2012). History of Public Health People who are born today can expect to live 30 years longer than those who were born in 1990 (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2012). Advocacy begun in the late 1910s, policymakers and social welfare representatives strived to constitute national health insurance (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2012). In 1965 congress amended the Social Security Act to include health insurance benefits for older adults (Medicare) and increased care for the poor (Medicaid)† (Stanhope & Lancaster, p. 36, 2012). The Social Security Act did not cover preventive services, and home health care was only reimbursed with a doctors order (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2012). Local and state health dep artments changed their policies to allow agencies o reimburse home care as bedside nursing, which reduced health promotion and prevention (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2012). In the 1970s, nursing was viewed highly for improving the health care of communities (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2012). â€Å"Nurses made significant contributions to the hospice movement, the development of birthing centers, daycare for older adults and disabled persons, drug abuse programs, and rehabilitation services in long-term care† (Stanhope & Lancaster, p. 38, 2012).In the 1980s, there was concern about high cost of health care in the United States, and health promotion and disease prevention services were not top priority because funding was more essential in other areas (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2012). Fewer nurses were employed by official public health agencies because of low state and federal funds (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2012). During the 1900s and 2000s, the focus was on cost, improving quality of care, a ccess to health care services, and advancing the public health nursing profession (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2012). Federal public health agencies develop regulations that implement policies formulated by Congress, provide a significant amount of funding to state and territorial health agencies for public health activities, survey the nation’s health status and health needs, set practices and standards, provide expertise that facilitates evidence-based practice, coordinate public health activities that cross state lines, and support health services research† (Stanhope & Lancaster, p. 90, 2012). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention was established on July 1, 1946 on a floor of a small building in Atlanta, Georgia (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012). â€Å"The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention was initially focused on fighting Malaria by killing mosquitos† (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Para 2, 2012).Presently, the  "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is the nation’s premier public health agency†, and has a mission to â€Å"collaborate to create the expertise, information, and tools that people and communities need to protect their health- through promotion, prevention of disease, injury and disability, and preparedness for new health threats† (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Para 2, 2012). Healthy People 2020 is also a national public health agency. â€Å"Since 1979 the U. S. Surgeon General has worked with local, state, and federal agencies; the private sector; and the U. S. population to evelop objectives for preventing disease and promoting health for the nation† (Stanhope & Lancaster, p. 999, 2012). Healthy People 2020 objectives were presented in 2009 to the public, and one of the goals is to â€Å"promote quality of life, healthy development and healthy behaviors across all life stages† (Stanhope & Lancaster, p. 999, 2012). The health department is a state public health agency that prevents disease, improves health and wellness, promotes quality of life, and assists the people of each region in building healthy communities (South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control, 2012).The county health department is where much of the direct health care is provided to the people of the communities in each state. County and state level public health agencies collaborate and partner with national agencies to promote healthy communities. Local public health departments are responsible for implementing and enforcing local, state, and federal public health codes and ordinances while providing essential public health services (Stanhope & Lancaster, p. 1003, 2012). Differences between public and community health Public and community health are specialty areas and each have their own focuses.Public health focuses on the communities and populations as a whole, and community health focuses on the individuals, famili es, and groups within a community. Both specialty areas have the same goal, and that is to promote health and prevent disease and illness. â€Å"Public health is not a branch of medicine; it is an organized community approach designed to prevent disease, promote health, and protect populations† † (Stanhope & Lancaster, p. 990, 2012). The settings of where public health nurses and community health nurses work are different.Public health nurses may work for organizations or government areas, such as the state health department. Community health nurses may work in schools, clinics, hospitals, home health, county health department, or nursing homes. Health care is changing and improving every day. Nurses have a huge role in promoting health and preventing disease and illness in populations. Public health is built on partnerships (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2012). Governmental agencies at the local, state, and federal levels are partners in the public health system that must work together to develop and implement solutions hat will improve a community’s health (Stanhope & Lancaster, p. 990, 2012). References Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2012). Our History – Our Story. http://www. cdc. gov/about/history/ourstory. htm South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control. (2012). Region 2 Public Health Office. Retrieved from http://www. scdhec. gov/health/region2/index. htm Stanhope, M. , & Lancaster, J. (2012). Public Health Nursing: Population-Centered Health Care in the Community (8th ed. ). (Elsevier, Ed. ) Maryland Heights, Missouri: Mosby

Student Cramming Essay

Abstraction This survey aims to find whether jaming behaviour had a important consequence on the memory keeping pupils who took Physics 82 ( Fundamental Physics II ) during the 2nd semester of school twelvemonth 2006-2007. A trial was given to these pupils after one semester ( first semester. 2007-2008 ) . A comparing was made between the tonss of pupils who acknowledged frequent usage of jaming methods and those that did non. Datas shows that keeping decreases with clip whether the pupil crammed or non. However. pupils that crammed have faster rate of lessening in memory keeping. 1. Introduction Cramming is defined as analyzing a comparatively big sum of capable affair in a short period of clip. It can be regarded as a despairing step of pupils to go through tests. complete undertakings. The effect of such mode of survey is low memory keeping [ 1 ] . This survey aims to corroborate or confute this stereotype. It is possible that classs reflect merely short term larning since they are given at the terminal of the semester and there is no confidence for long term keeping. Harmonizing to Duda. memory keeping is enhanced if. for illustration. a five hr survey session is broken down into five separate one hr Sessionss [ 1 ] . This applies to jaming where a individual survey session merely before an scrutiny is less effectual than several short survey Sessionss. A study was conducted to verify these premises utilizing UP Los Banos pupils who took Physics 82 during the 2nd semester of school twelvemonth 2006-2007. The study was limited to these pupils who are presently enrolled in Physics 83 during the first semester of school twelvemonth 2007-2008. Physicss 82 screens cardinal constructs in electricity and magnetic attraction. This survey aims to: 1. Determine whether there exists a correlativity between the chronological order in which Physics 82 constructs were taught and the students’ memory keeping of these constructs. 2. Determine the per centum of pupils who acknowledged to hold employed jaming methods for their Physicss 82 semester. 3. Determine whether there is a appreciable difference between students’ concluding class ( 1-5 graduated table ) in Physics 82 and their study class for both for the crammers and the non-crammers. 1. 1 Hypothesiss 1. There no strong positive additive correlativity between the chronological order in which PHYS 82 constructs were taught the old semester. and their memory keeping of these constructs. Earlier subjects taught are more maintained than earlier subjects. 2. There is no important difference between crammers and non-crammers concluding class ( 1-5 graduated table ) in Physics 82. and between crammers and non-crammers study mark. Grade is non a good index of jaming behaviour. 3. There is no strong additive correlativity study mark and Physics 82 concluding class for both crammers and non-crammers. Grade is non a good index of memory keeping. 4. There is no important difference between the between the students’ concluding class ( 1-5 graduated table ) in Physics 82 and their study grade both for the crammers and the non-crammers. Cramming has no important consequence on the student’s memory keeping of Physicss 82 constructs. 2. Methodology The study population consisted of all Physicss 83 pupils that took Physics 82 the old Semester. The Survey was done in category hours of Phys83 to all pupils. The population needed was filtered out afterwards. The study inquiries included 16 subjects in Physics 82 which were divided into 4 sets reflecting the first to the last one-fourth of the semester. Questions were generated for each subject. Five basic equations and two to four conceptual jobs were taken from the subjects. This was to guarantee that the study was representative of the whole Physicss 82 semester. The questionnaire study was divided into three parts. personal information. fiting type and multiple pick. The first portion consisted of personal information and besides asked the pupils to rate themselves in a graduated table of 1 to 5 where 5 was the highest. The information taken were the undermentioned: ofrequency of jaming in exams and/or undertakings: â€Å"I cram my survey for the dark before exams† ostudy modus operandi: ( 1-2hrs ) . ( monthly ( 1 ) †¦ . hebdomadal ( 5 ) ) I do non analyze for quizzes/do assign in front oPreparation clip for test ( a dark before ( 1 ) †¦ . three hebdomads before ( 5 ) ) I review merely near exam day of the months oStudents claim on good keeping: â€Å"I forgot my Physicss 82† oLikelihood of jaming in the hereafter: â€Å"I expect myself to jam for the coming tests due to ineluctable fortunes. † From these the pupils were so categorized to two sets as non-crammers ( labeled as R ) . holding less than 65 % of entire points in portion I. and crammers ( C ) whose high mark in portion I acknowledge their usage and likely hereafter usage of jaming methods. The per centum of pupils C and R in the population were so taken. The undermentioned comparings were made: ( 1 ) between C and R Physics 82 concluding class. ( 2 ) between C and R study tonss. and ( 3 ) between Physics 82 concluding class and study tonss of all respondents. In the 2nd portion. pupils were asked to fit an equation with a construct. There were 20 equations and matching constructs. Each lucifer was given 1 point. Examples of the inquiries were [ 2 ] : Column AColumn B 1. Coulomb’s Law2. 1 Volt K. 1AmpCoul=1Joule/Coulomb Part 3 ( multiple pick ) consisted of 8 conceptual and 8 computational inquiries. The followers are some illustrations: 1. Which of the followers is false about electric potency? A. is the energy per unit charge B. is dependent of charge go throughing per unit clip in a music director. C. it is a scalar measureD. electric potency surfaces lines cross each other2. Which of the undermentioned is true?I. An Ohmic Conductor has a additive Voltage and Current relationship. II. When Ohm’s Law is non obeyed the electric resistance ( ? ) of a substance is changeless in the equation E=?J ( J is current denseness ) .A. I merelyB. II merelyC. Both I and IID Neither I and I 1. The strength of visible radiation is Io=100 Watts 1 metre off from its beginning. What is its strength if the distance is doubled? A ) I=Io/4B ) I=Io/2C ) I=0D ) I=Io/8Tocopherol ) none of the above 2. In a DC R-L circuit. the current rises bit by bit to 5 ?A in 8?sec. What is the induced EMF of the 10H inductance? A ) 6. 25VB ) 0. 625VC ) 6VD ) 12. 5VTocopherol ) none of the above Problem work outing accomplishments were besides tested to derive penetration on the student’s accomplishments in runing some equations in portion 2. Separate 3 consisted of 16 points of 2 points each. The inquiries were structured so that 5 fiting type points ( Part 2 ) . 2 conceptual and 2 computational multiple pick points ( part3 ) represented each one-fourth of the Physics 82 semester. It was ensured that all points in the four quarters are of comparable degree of trouble. In order to prove the dependability of the study. we repeated some jobs in the questionnaire so as to deduce whether the pupils focused on replying the study or simply guessed the replies. The questionnaire had a sum of 52 points. 20 points for portion two and 32 points for portion three. Each one-fourth has perfect mark of 13 points. A correlativity between the sequence of these quarters and mean points per one-fourth was taken. 3. Consequences and Discussion All of the 48 Physicss 82 pupils who are enrolled in Physics 83 took portion in the study. Simple statistical methods were employed since the study involved the whole population. In portion I. it was assessed that there were about 32. 56 % crammers and 67. 44 % non-crammers in the population. The mean of the concluding classs of non-crammers was 2. 36 while that of those who cram was 2. 42. Since the scaling system is in a graduated table of 1-5 with 1 being the highest. the 1 with lower mean implies a higher class. Those who cram tends to hold a lower class than those who do non jam. This tendency was besides observed in the difference in the norm of study tonss between the two classs where non-crammers had a 59. 41 % norm and crammers had a 55. 47 % . The difference between the two norms was 3. 94 % . These difference is non significantly discernible in the 1-5 scaling system ; therefore. illation in jaming behaviour based on classs is non dependable. Figure 3. 1 Linear Regression of matching mean study mark of pupils per one-fourth in the fake test to prove natural debasement of keeping through clip. In figure 3. 1 the tendency of mark addition is shown with a correlativity of 0. 566. This shows a natural debasement of memory keeping through clip since in the most recent one-fourth. 4th one-fourth. the mean class of the pupil in the fake test were higher than their mean class in the old one-fourth. The mean points of 1st & A ; 2nd. and 3rd & A ; 4th are so averaged in braces that reflected foremost and 2nd half the of the Physics 82 semester. Figure 3. 2 Average tonss of pupils per one-fourth in the fake test. The norm of the 2nd half is 7. 802326 which is higher than that of the first half which is equal to 7. 476744. This farther justifies the debasement of memory of keeping with clip. Figure 3. 3 Linear correlativity of Physicss 82 concluding class and study mark Figure 3. 3 shows the correlativity between the study mark and the concluding class of the pupils in natural philosophies 82 last semester. The negative correlativity is due to the fact that 1 is the highest in the 1-5 graduated table Rating System. Students who got high classs in Physics 82 besides got high tonss in the study. The correlativity of -0. 62263 implies that the concluding class of the pupils is a strong index of memory keeping where a high class likely implies high keeping. Table 3. 1 Average difference and average difference between natural philosophies 82 concluding class and study grade CategoryMean DifferenceMedian DifferenceCrammer-0. 839-0. 5Non-Crammer-0. 664-0. 25 Table 3. 1 shows the difference between natural philosophies 82 concluding class and study class ( 1-5 class system ) . The negative mark indicates that all the pupils have lesser study classs compared to their concluding class. There is a important difference between the debasement of class between crammers and non-crammers. The crammers’ class decreased by 0. 839 while that of non-crammers’ decreased by 0. 664. The crammers significantly had less memory keeping than those of the non-crammers. 4. Decision Memory keeping undergoes debasement procedure through clip. This debasement is further increased by jaming behaviour. Memory keeping has a natural debasement through clip both for crammers and non-crammers. The earlier subjects were less retained than the most recent subjects. Cramming had a important consequence on the student’s memory keeping of Physicss 82 constructs. There was a strong additive correlativity study mark and Physics 82 concluding class as shown in figure 3. 3. Grade is a strong index of memory keeping since it was shown that those who got higher classs had better public presentation in the fake test. Therefore. pupils who obtained higher classs tend to hold more constructs retained. Cramming was shown to lend to memory loss. Crammers had a 0. 5 average bead in class between Physicss 82 concluding class and study grade whereas non-crammers had a average bead of 0. 25. The consequence of this survey is consistent with Duda’s survey which affirms the neg ative consequence of jaming. The construction of this survey may be implemented on other topics to farther measure the effects of jaming behaviour on memory keeping and may affect other standard on pupil academic public presentation. Mentions [ 1 ] J Duda. Survey shows trial cramming has negative effects on classs. hypertext transfer protocol: //wc. Arizona. edu/papers/94/91/01_2_m. hypertext markup language. Last modified on Feb 2. 2001. [ 2 ] H. D. Young and R. A. Freedman. University Physics: The Modern Physics. 10th edition. USA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. 2000. [ 3 ] Statistics. Encyclopedia Britannica 2005 Deluxe Edition CD. USA. Encyclopedia Britannica Inc. 2005