The Image Of Nursing - 1280 Words

The Image of Nursing Nurses has created a particular image on society and within their profession realm, that depicts them as quite a unique individual, specializing in delivery of quality, compassionate and caring care that is so unique in a meaningful way. With the media involved, the images, both reflect and reinforce the social aspect of nursing throughout the continuum of care. This essay will seek to explore common and complexed images of nursing and tell a story of how those images can play a part in the reflecting and the various status of the nursing we know today. Images left on our patients In the hospital settings, patients see the nurse as that caring person who sits and hold that baby in a cradling position as if they were†¦show more content†¦The media did not do any justice in depicting stories about the values of the nurse, yet alone the integrity, until the CAN ( The Center of nursing advocacy, 2007) decided to enlist a program where nurses were honored and rewarded for outstanding achievement in care. From the advent of the introduction of improved curriculum to now include the highest level of achievement for nursing, the Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP), where nurses can not only write prescriptions and treat independently, but can advance to research, enabling better evidence based practices (Andrews l. D., 2007). The patients appears, from various studies, to be more apt to follow instructions from the nurse over the doctor, as they see the nurse as giving a more personalized treatment, and a working relationship, exten ds far out from being a patient in the hospital, to home care services where they are happy to receive quality care in the comfort of their own home. The Friendly Face of Nursing Although, today, there are many male nurses, the overwhelming site of a nurse, is that smiling female who seems to care so much about your comfort. The friendliness in which she asks â€Å"how are you today Ms Job†? The peace of mind seen on the patient’s face, tells that the joy of that closeness has certainly formed a bond (Johnson Johnson, 2007). The nurse in the home care setting, becomes more personalized; the patient sees him/her onShow MoreRelatedNursing Image and Media1449 Words   |  6 PagesNursing the Silent Profession and Media’s influence The nursing image has become a major issue in the society as people have different perception about nursing. Some believe that nurses do their duties out of kindness. This has influenced the nursing image as most people do not see nursing as a good profession. Only few people in the society see nursing as an important profession and consider the qualification of the nurses (Younge amp; Niekerk, 2004). This has led to shortage of nurses in theRead MoreThe Image of Nursing Essay1614 Words   |  7 PagesNursing is basically a scientific profession with a widespread vision, where nurses care for the physical needs of the people at the same time satisfies their emotional, psychological, and intellectual as well as social and spiritual demands. These Nurses though get professional training but apart from professional training and experiences, a good nurse possess high humanistic quality and has in depth understanding of not only the psychology of her/his patients but also proves to be ve ry soft andRead MoreThe Negative Images Of Nursing967 Words   |  4 Pagesspaghetti arms. In the article â€Å"The Negative Images of Nursing †¦Ã¢â‚¬  by Jacquelyn Bishop. She discusses all of these topics from comparing the televised aspect of nursing to the real life thing. In Meet the Parents starring Ben Stiller as a male nurse. In one scene Ben walks into the kitchen and is meeting the family of his girlfriend, Pam. Pam introduces her sister’s fiancà ©, who is a M.D, and his father who is a Plastic Surgeon. When Ben tells them he is in nursing, they start laughing and say â€Å"No, reallyRead MoreImage Of Nursing : A Look At An Historical Image987 Words   |  4 PagesThe field of nursing encompasses a vast array of knowledge, skills, and professionalism. However, often times the image of nursing does not mirror these things. What is image? Many individuals may answer this question differently depending on their age, personal experiences, and exposure to media. The image of nursing is the overall idea, perception, or belief of what nursing is. Image is an important factor in nursing, as a false image may discredit the true heart of nursing, leading to misconceptionsRead MoreThe Image Of Nursing As A Profession936 Words   |  4 Pages Image of Nursing Nursing as a profession is often portrayed by the media in demeaning ways. â€Å"Nurses have often been unfairly and unrealistically portrayed as â€Å"battle axes† or psychologically compromised. And that’s if they are written into the script at all.† (Berkowitz, 2014). â€Å"They are often portrayed as physician helpers, not the highly skilled independent clinicians that we know they are.† (Berkowitz, 2014). Media Portrayal The example of media portrayal that I chose to analyze and discuss showsRead MoreThe Image of Nursing Essay1107 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout time the world’s image on Nursing has evolved rapidly. Nurses work in an extremely stressful environment and must carry out their duties in a professional manner to ensure proper procedures are followed throughout their routines. They also have a considerable amount of responsibility that comes with their career. For those reasons nurses must present themselves in a professional and structured manner at all times. The Image of Nursing describes how people in and out of the profession seeRead MoreThe Professional Image Of Nursing2443 Words   |  10 PagesThe professional image of nursing does not have a very glamorous history. The subservient, handmaiden to the physician stereotype that has historically been accepted is still widely accepted by the general population today. Efforts have been made to show nursing practice as an indepe ndent profession of its own, but much work still needs to be done (Catalano, 2015, p. 9). This paper will serve to show how nursing is portrayed by the media, and accepted by the public; it will also highlight ways inRead MoreImage and Voice of Nursing 1895 Words   |  8 PagesThe nursing profession is one of many portrayed by the media. In its simplest form media is how information is shared and stored. Media covers a wide range of services, advertisements, brochures, pamphlets, TV shows, films, novels, and magazines, digital, electronic, it goes on and on. Media is more accessible these days; the internet and wireless technology makes it easy for many people to access information on a wide scale. As information is shared by the media the public creates an image. ThisRead MoreA Brief Note On The Image Of Nursing961 Words   |  4 PagesImage of Nursing The image of nursing is portrayed in several ways with all different types of media. One of the longest-running and most popular medical drama television shows, Grey’s Anatomy, appears to offer an accurate interpretation of the profession of nursing. However, the fictional show, created by Shonda Rimes, actually degrades nursing along unrealistic practices and representations. The show gives an impression to the viewers that doctors do it all, the physicians control nurses, andRead MoreImages Of The Virgin Mary Nursing Christ950 Words   |  4 Pages1. What was the original function and significance of images of the Virgin Mary nursing Christ (called Virgo Lactans, or Madonna del Latte)? Images of the Virgin Mary nursing Christ were originally intended not as pornography, but as visuals that depicted the nourishment of a child. The social setting of when these images emerge helps explain why these images of exposed breasts were perceived as tolerable. During the mid-fourteenth century Europe experienced a severe food crisis. With the fertilities

Andrew Jackson The Fifth Us President Essay - 2292 Words

Andrew Jackson, born 15 March 1767, was the seventh US President (1829-1837) and was a part of the Democratic Party (Andrew Jackson - U.S. Presidents - HISTORY.com, 2009). His early life began in hardship in poverty as a son of Irish immigrants whose family died during the British invasion of the Carolinas (1780-1781) (Andrew Jackson - U.S. Presidents - HISTORY.com, 2009). Despite life’s unforgiving nature, he managed to study law during his teenage life and challenged the Carolina bar in 1787 (Andrew Jackson - U.S. Presidents - HISTORY.com, 2009). He later moved to Tennessee, in a place that would later become Nashville, where he became a prosecuting attorney (Andrew Jackson - U.S. Presidents - HISTORY.com, 2009). Jackson became sufficient enough to become a slave owner, became the first man elected to the US House of Representatives from Tennessee, and was later elected as a judge to the Tennessee superior court (Andrew Jackson- Whitehouse.gov). With the War of 1812 Jackson became a Major General and won a series of battles, to include, the Battle of Tohopeka in Alabama against the Creek Indians in 1914, against the British at New Orleans in 1815, and an his invasion of Florida against Spain in 1817 (Andrew Jackson - U.S. Presidents - HISTORY.com, 2009). His status of national hero was solidified in the public by this time. Before winning the presidency in 1828, he lost his first run against John Quincy Adams in 1824 due to his failure to obtain the majority ofShow MoreRelatedLyndon B. Johnson And Andrew Jackson1605 Words   |  7 PagesEditor- Very recently, your newspaper held a poll nominating which US president to be the fifth face on the famous Mount Rushmore. The top choice was Reagan, along with others, including Lyndon B. Johnson and Andrew Jackson. I believe that Reagan does certainly deserve the honor- as a US president, Ronald Reagan changed the country, taking it out of its post-Carter economic and political gloom, won the Cold War without a bloody confrontation, and created more reforms for the economyRead MoreThe United States1307 Words   |  6 PagesConvention, representatives from most of the states, instead of revising the Articles wrote an entirely new document; the Constitution. Called â€Å"a bundle of compromises†it has gone over many interpretations but it is essentially the same document that governs us today.And because so many different people and politicians have different opinions on it, it could be called â€Å"a living document†. The Constitution, however, was not signed without arguments and compromise. The first issue was between states with largeRead More Andrew Jacksons Presidency And Policies Essay1868 Words   |  8 Pages Andrew Jacksonamp;#8217;s Presidency and Policies nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In American history many acts of cruelty and or unjustified beliefs were acted upon. Some of these events were led by citizens and in some cases, such as the case of Andrew Jackson, led by presidents. Andrew Jackson was the seventh president of the United States of America from 1829-1837.1 His presidency and policies, such as the Indian Removal Act, and his part in The Second Bank of the U.S and South Carolinaamp;#8217;sRead MoreCause of the Civil War1296 Words   |  6 Pagesachievements the United States experienced industrial revolution. This happened on the North. The southern states remained using archaic form of slave exploitation and plantation system. At the Constitutional Convention the South had to agree to three-fifths compromise, when 5 slaves counted as 3 free men toward representation in Congress. This was probably the only case when Southern representatives mentioned that even though slaves are property they were human beings. Such â€Å"a sacrifice† ensured legalRead MoreAnalysis Of Andrew Jackson s The White House Essay2607 Words   |  11 PagesAndrew Jackson once said, â€Å"Take time to deliberate; but when the time for action arrives, stop thinking and go in.† Andrew Jackson was an individual who was filled with integrity, grit, determination, and other values that encompass a good leader. The chosen book about this man is titled American Lion: Andrew Jackson in the White House. The creator of this Pulitzer Prize winning novel would be Jon Meacham. The Chattanooga born author graduated at The University of the South in Sewanee, TennesseeRead MorePresidential Outline of Andrew Jackson2515 Words   |  11 Pages(1841-1845) III. Education and Occupation A. President Van Buren didn’t receive much education as a child. His parents were Dutch and spoke fluent Dutch. His father, Abraham, owned a tavern. In the tavern, Van Buren spent much of his childhood observing, studying, and listening to the political arguments there, giving him some experience. His formal education ended at the age of 14. B. At the stunning age of 13, President Jackson entered the army in the American Revolution. ThisRead MoreCh 12 Essay1177 Words   |  5 Pagesregion and burned the new capital of Washington to the ground in August 1814. They then were beaten off in the battle at Fort McHenrynear Baltimore that inspired Francis Scott Key to write the Star Spangled Banner. Finally, the victory of Gen. Andrew Jackson, over the British at New Orleans in January 1815 gave a boost to national morale, even though, because of slow communications, it was actually fought after the Treaty of Ghent had been signed, officially ending the war. Why do the authors sayRead MoreThe American Of The United States1766 Words   |  8 PagesOnyx Finn Katherine Jackson History 121 04 March 2015 The 1800s From 1819 to about 1839 many events took place in the United States. The Panic of 1819, this was the very first financial crisis in the United States. This caused many banks to close and many people to go into debt. The Monroe Doctrine was a document stating that the United States did not want the Europeans interfering with American affairs. The Jacksonian Democracy, Andrew Jackson wanted the Europeans to stop further colonization.Read MoreAmerica s Independence Of Independence Essay2128 Words   |  9 Pagesthe three-fifths compromise which counted sixty percent of slaves created by Rutledge who demanded slaves be allowed to vote. 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Cultural Adaptation and Career Free Essays

How cultural adaptation influence professional belief and career development of Chinese students in UMN?Introduction The influence of cultural diversity is some of the most critical issues facing the United States today. Census data show that the non-white population is rapidly increasing – this is a huge reserve of human potential, which makes the multicultural focus a top priority for vocational education and development. These diverse cultural groups include some international students coming to the United States to take advantage of higher education opportunities. We will write a custom essay sample on Cultural Adaptation and Career or any similar topic only for you Order Now After completing their studies, many of these students choose to stay in the United States in order to pursue work and build family. The career development and consulting needs of this multicultural workforce are very different from the established norms. It is important to understand and solve their needs for the country’s cultural and psychological adjustment. Therefore, counselors and professional professionals in universities and workplaces need to have specific cultural information and skills that contribute to effective vocational education/consulting. Most of the differences between cultures come from various worldviews that people hold. Lee and Rice (2007) and Dee and Henkin (1999) point out that in this society, the worldview of racial and ethnic minorities is different from that of European Americans. The worldview contains all cultural norms, customs, folk cultures and cultural adaptation behaviors that are passed on to future generations in an identifiable group. Values, interests, family and interpersonal relationships largely depend on these worldviews, and these worldviews are assumed to influence career choices. The worldview of ethnic minority customers will influence their career decisions in ways that may differ from most people. In order to provide culturally appropriate services, professional professionals in universities and workplaces must have a keen understanding of the team’s worldview. In order to understand more about the concept of worldview related to career development, Marsella and Leong (1995) suggest positioning individual clients in the continuum of national cultural identity and determining the relative importance of individual or cultural characteristics to individuals. For example, when a person is fully integrated into society, interest/preference may be more relevant to career development. However, for a more traditional individual, cultural influence may play a more important role in career development. Marsella and Leong (1995) suggest that career counseling for different customers should consider three factors: cross-cultural similarities, and culturally unique aspects that influence members and personal characteristics. Another way to better understand the worldview is to study the individual’s level of cultural adaptation. Marsella and Leong (1995) pointed out that cultural adaptation has become an important variable in psychological research because it helps to highlight and explain the huge heterogeneity existing in ethnic/ethnic immigrant groups. Cultural adaptation levels have been found to influence psychological and physical health variables, including work values, career orientation, and career choices (Kubat ; Kuruuzum, 2009).In short, with the increase in the multicultural nature of the U.S. labor force, it has become imperative to appropriately address the unique career development needs of customers from different ethnicities. Marasella and Leong (1995) indicate that by understanding the customer’s worldview, unique career development needs can be met. Research on ethnic identity and cultural adaptation can help to learn a worldview.Many international students are looking for jobs in the United States, which is a factor in increasing the multicultural workforce. For this reason, using this population for world outlook (cultural adaptation and ethnic identity) and career development studies will be particularly useful. Therefore, this study examines the relationship between professional beliefs and cultural adaptation levels of international students from China. It has been found that cultural adaptation and career development may be related to several other important factors, for example,People’s specific nationality: Even if they come from the same continent, the cultural adaptability of people from different countries is also different (Jacob ; Greggo, 2001);People’s age: Age is positively related to professional identity (ie older people may have stronger professional identity). The negative correlation between age and cultural adaptation indicates that it is difficult for older people to adhere to the norms of the new culture (Suinn, Ahuna ; Khoo, 1992, 1995; Shufen ; Brown, 2001);Level of education: Interestingly, studies by Shu Fen and Brown (2001) show that education levels are negatively correlated with cultural adaptation. This suggests that better-educated individuals may not be comfortable, and vice versa.Term of residence in the United States: There is a negative correlation between the length of residence in the United States and cultural adaptability, indicating that people with shorter residence periods tend to have less culture. There is a positive correlation between living time and professional identity, which means that people who live longer in the United States have stronger professional identities (Suinn, Ahuna ; Khoo, 1992, 1995; Shu-fen ; Brown, 2001);Gender: There seems to be a conflict regarding the influence of gender on cultural adaptation. Although there was no significant relationship between gender and cultural adaptation and professional identity and gender, the study (Lopez ; Ann-Yi, 2006) also showed that the process of cultural adaptation was affected by gender.In this study, information on nationality, age, US resident status and gender will be collected. It also will study the influence of the above factors on cultural adaptation and professional beliefs, with particular emphasis on the influence of gender.Propose of the studyThe main purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between cultural adaptation and factors that influence the professional beliefs of international students from China. The adaptation of a cultural group to another cultural group can be demonstrated by changing language preferences, adopting common attitudes and values, joining common social groups and institutions, and losing individual political or ethnic identity. Professional beliefs are people’s assumptions about themselves and what they must do to succeed in the world of work. Specifically, this study will examine whether these international student’s cultural adaptation will affect current employment status, career planning, acceptance of uncertainty, openness, university education, sense of control, sense of responsibility, career path flexibility, after training. The attitude of transition, relocation and other occupational beliefs are perseverance and hard work.The study will examine whether the relationship between cultural adaptation and professional beliefs is influenced or mitigated by gender. Research questions Are there any influence from cultural adaption on professional beliefs and career development of Chinese students in UMN? How cultural adaption influence professional beliefs and career development of Chinese students in UMN?MethodsParticipants are Chinese students in UMN. The questionnaire will be delivered through university email. There are also potential follow-up interview.Two scales will be used in this study:First one is Suinn-Lew Asian Self-Identity Acculturation Scale (SL-ASIA). Suinn, et al have developed SL-ASIA as a self-reported measurement of cultural adaption (Suinn, et al, 1987). There are 26 options including language, behavior, generation/geography history and attitude in this scale. In the score, the total value is obtained by summing the answers to all items. The final cultural fitness score is then calculated by dividing the total by 26. The conservation level on SL-ASIA ranged from 1 to 5, the low range was 1 to 2.33 (Asian mark), the medium range was 2.34 In order to obtain a structural validity assessment, Suinn, Ahuna and Khoo (1992) used 324 Asian students from Colorado (137 first generation, 76 second generation, 31 third generation, 26 fourth generation and 14 fifth generation participants who performed factor analysis on SL-ASIA. Their results showed that five interpretable factors accounted for 69.7% of the variance between different variables. The other one is Career Beliefs Inventory (CBI). The Occupational Belief Scale (CBI) (Krumboltz ; Jackson,1993) is built based on data collected from 7,500 people, ranging in age from 12 to 75 years. The original 122 items has been separated into 25 scales consisting of 96 projects. Grades. These projects were written in the eighth grade. Participants stated their agreement to a statement based on the 5-point Likert scale, strongly agreeing that the active wording project scored 5 points, and strongly disagreed with a score of 1 point. The negative wording items are reverse scores, so strong opposition will get scores of 5 points, and strong opposition scores of 1. These scores are then converted into proportional scores ranging from 10 to 50. The difference factor between them and the project score is 10, so the proportional score is ten times that of the time average score.(After collecting data, I will use SPSS or R to build a model and do some simple analysis between SL-ASIA factors – language, behavior, generation/geography history and attitude – and professional beliefs. Based on this conclusion, I will give some recommendations about career development of Chinese students in US.)Reference:Dee, J., ; Henkin, A. (1999). Challenges to Adjustment to College Life in the United States: Experiences of Korean Students. International Education, 29(1), 54-70.Jacob, E. J, ; Greggo, J.W., (2001). Using counselor training and collaborative programming strategies in working with international students. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 29 (l),73-88.Kubat, U., ; Kuruuzum, A. (2009) . An Examination of the Relationship between Work Values and Personality Traits in Manufacturing Industry. International Journal of Business and Management Studies, 1(1), 37-48.Krumboltz, J. D., ; Jackson, M. A. (1993). Career assessment as a learning tool. Journal of Career Assessment, I, 393-409.Lee, J., ; Rice, J. (2007). Welcome to America? International student perceptions of discrimination. Higher Education, 53(3), 381-409.Lopez, F. G., ; Ann-Yi, S. (2006). Predictors of Career Indecision in Three Racial/Ethnic Groups of College Women. Journal of Career Development, 33(1), 29-46.Marsella, A., ; Leong, F. (1995). Cross-Cultural Issues in Personality and Career Assessment. Journal of Career Assessment, 3(2), 202-218.Suinn, R., Rickard-Figueroa, K., Lew, S., ; Vigil, P. (1987). The Suinn-Lew Asian Self-Identity Acculturation Scale: An Initial Report. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 47(2), 401-407.Suinn, R. M. Ahuna, C, ; Khoo, G. (1992). The Suinn-Lew Asian Self-Identity Acculturation Scale: Concurrent and factorial validation. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 52, 1041-1046.Suinn, R. M., Ahuna, C, ; Khoo, G. (1995). The Suinn-Lew Asian Self-Identify Acculturation Scale: Cross-cultural information. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 23, 139-148.Shih, S., ; Brown, C. (2000). Taiwanese International Students: Acculturation Level and Vocational Identity. Journal of Career Development, 27(1), 35-47. How to cite Cultural Adaptation and Career, Papers

Critical Thinking Work Intended

Question: Discuss about the Critical Thinking for Work Intended. Answer: Introduction The purpose of this essay is to critically analyse and evaluate the article by Trevor Timm, Petraeus won't serve a day in jail for his leaks. Edward Snowden shouldn't either. The article was published in The Guardian on March 5, 2015 (Timm 2015). The main argument of this article is that the Justice Department treated the former CIA director David Petraeus with leniency in comparison with whistleblowers Edward Snowden and Daniel Ellsberg (Timm 2015). Petraeus leaked classified information to his lover and biographer Paula Broadwell for which he was recommended a sentence of two years without imprisonment just because he was a CIA director (Timm 2015). My evaluation shall revolve around the penalty and leniency opted for Petraeus as unfair, since the lower level officers were punished for the espionage acts with imprisonment that had less gravity. The discussion is important because according to an old saying, all are equal before the law (Witosky and Hansen 2015). Analysis The authors main conclusion from the article is that leaking information or espionage is no longer a felony and that it is unfairly levelled for every whistleblower. The premise of this article is that Petraeus is treated exceptionally because the FBI came to know about it inadvertently. This argument is analogical because it is a comparison with other former CIA officers at a lower post who were imprisoned for their acts (Cottrell 2011). It is an inductive or real analogy because there are strong arguments to support the authors conclusion. Petraeus should have faced imprisonment for leaking classified information and the judge must not have treated him exceptionally. This is because Jeffrey Sterling, John Kiriakou, Chelsea Manning, Edward Snowden and John M Deutch were imprisoned for the acts committed as intense or less intense by Petraeus (Timm 2015). David Petraeuss Case is worse than others It is argued that David Petraeuss case is worse than others. The argument is real or inductive in nature as it is strongly supported by evidences (Govier 2013). According to the indictment, he gave Paula eight black books containing war strategy, covert officers identity, quotes and deliberative discussions from meetings taken place at high-level National Security Council, diplomatic discussions, intelligence capabilities and mechanisms, and his personal discussions with the US president (Chappell 2015). Despite his actions and improperly retaining classified information, he was recommended a sentence of two years without imprisonment just because he was a CIA director (Timm 2015). He must have been imprisoned and not recommended for probation as this was much of Top Secret. Not just Top Secret, some information was higher and was SCI (Sensitive Compartmented Information) (Timm 2015). Petraeus knew he is committing a crime while he is leaking information and improperly retaining clas sified information. Chelsea Manning chose to disclose nothing higher than Secret and is serving 35 years (Lewis 2013). Edward Snowden must not have been imprisoned for more than a year since he disclosed identities of covert agents to an unauthorized person that deserves a maximum sentence of one year. The justice system would never allow him to present a real defense at trial (Timm 2014). Double Standards on Investigations It is argued that FBI has used double standards on Petraeuss case. The investigation lasted about three years. The argument is real or inductive in nature and strongly supported by proofs. According to the statute, the investigation must have been conducted for ten years based on Petraeus situation (Timm 2015). A comparison can be made with Hillary Clintons email matter which was a high profile case. Clinton was accused of being extremely careless with the classified information that was flowing through her private email server (Tucker 2016). However, there was no evidence of anybody violating the law. There should have been a more lengthy investigated as Petraeus lied about disclosing confidential information to the FBI (Timm 2015). The system could have brought severe and far-reaching ramifications and criminal charges should have been brought to a new precedent so that people would treat sensitive records confidentially (Tucker 2016). Even Donald Trump tweeted about the system bei ng rigged. He stated that Petraeus got in trouble far less and that the Justice Department gave a bad judgment (McBride 2016). Evaluation David Petraeuss Case is worse than others The argument made by the author of article of Davids case being worse than others is acceptable as a factual statement. Sub-arguments are presented by the FBI officials and other political figures that make it a reasonable argument of Petraeuss case worse than others. The premise is relevant to the conclusion. The argument does not have fallacies that would persuade the audience by illogical terms (Govier 2013). The issue addressed in borne by the premises. The overall grounds of support are strong and the premises provide good reasons to accept the conclusion. The premise of Davids case being worse than other felons is the justice records and felony cases. Investigation was done for Jeffrey Sterling, John Kiriakou, Chelsea Manning, Edward Snowden and John M Deutch and it was found that these felons created as intense or less intense crimes than Petraeus (Timm 2015). Therefore, the argument made by the author of Petraeuss case is acceptable, relevant and holds strong ground of eviden ce. The argument does not have fallacies that would persuade the audience by illogical terms. The issue addressed in borne by the premises. The overall grounds of support are strong and the premises provide good reasons to accept the conclusion (Govier 2013). Double standard on investigations The argument made by the author of the article about having double standards on FBI investigations is acceptable on the basis of factual representations. The argument is deductive in nature as investigations were conducted about the same (Govier 2013). The media has reported the same in newspapers and television channels after communicating with the political and jurisdiction system that makes the argument acceptable. It is seen that FBI director explains the differences between Hillary Clinton and David Petraeus investigations (Smith 2016). The FBI also explained that David admitted his intention of misconduct due to which a perfect illustration of the case was obtained. However, it is not justified that FBI would not conduct further investigation since it was a crime (Apuzzo 2015). The other lower level officials in the previous times were thoroughly investigated. Based on the given situation and leaking eight black books, an investigation of ten years should have been conducted (G ovier 2013). The above two arguments of David Petraeuss Case being worse than others and Double standard on investigations contributes to the main argument of the article (Govier 2013). The main argument of the article was that Justice Department treated the former CIA director David Petraeus with leniency in comparison with whistleblowers Edward Snowden and Daniel Ellsberg. Both the arguments are acceptable, relevant and are supported with strong grounds of evidence (Smith 2016). The arguments make the audience question about the unlevelled jurisdiction system. The old saying, all are equal before law and not supported because of the judgment passed by the judicial system (Witosky and Hansen 2015). Since the other felons got imprisonment for their misconduct and improper handling of classified information, David is let gone too easy. The arguments are strong and it can be claimed that there is a two-tiered system in the justice for leakers. The low-level officials have to undergo the charges and get prosecuted under the Espionage Act (Timm 2015). However, the strong and powerful officials who hold a higher position in the system do not have to worry about charges at all. The author provides a strong argument to support this view as John Brennan reported about a double agent disrupting a bomb plot in Yemen. Another low level official went to jail for the same story, but Brennan not only escaped the punishment, but was rewarded with a promotion (Timm 2015). The author makes strong arguments about the differences and partiality in the jurisdiction system where the low-level officials are prosecuted under the Espionage Act. While, the high level officials can assume that they would be pardoned and not prosecuted for any misconduct (Maurer 2015). Conclusion In my opinion, the authors argument worked as it was intended. It is because he has provided not one or two, but multiple examples and cases of felons committing misconduct and handling classified information carelessly. My evaluation for the given case is in alignment with that of the author of the article, Trevor Timm. The argument of high officials getting a simple slap on the wrist while the whistleblowers prosecuted and spending time in jail is unfair. However, the author could improve his arguments by focusing and stressing on the laws and prosecution under Espionage Act in detail. He could have quoted the sentences about imprisonment, penalty and liability in his article as stated in the law. This would have added weight in the article as facts and figures supported by the law would have a greater impact on the readers. References Apuzzo, M. 2015.F.B.I. and Justice Dept. Said to Seek Charges for Petraeus. [online] Nytimes.com. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/10/us/politics/prosecutors-said-to-recommend-charges-against-former-gen-david-petraeus.html?_r=0 [Accessed 28 Jul. 2016]. Chappell, B. 2015.Petraeus Sentenced To 2 Years' Probation, Fine For Sharing Classified Info. [online] NPR.org. Available at: https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/04/23/401672264/gen-david-petraeus-will-be-sentenced-thursday-over-secret-notebooks [Accessed 28 Jul. 2016]. Cottrell, S. 2011.Critical thinking skills. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Govier, T. 2013.A practical study of argument. Australia: Thomson/Wadsworth. Lewis, P. 2013.Bradley Manning given 35-year prison term for passing files to WikiLeaks. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/21/bradley-manning-35-years-prison-wikileaks-sentence [Accessed 28 Jul. 2016]. Maurer, K. 2015.How the David Petraeus Prosecution Backfired. [online] The Daily Beast. Available at: https://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/04/22/the-double-standard-for-david-petraeus.html [Accessed 28 Jul. 2016]. McBride, J. 2016.David Petraeus: Why He was Charged Hillary Clinton Wasnt. [online] Heavy.com. Available at: https://heavy.com/news/2016/07/david-petraeus-hillary-clinton-james-comey-press-statement-classified-information-scandal-no-charges-charged-criminal-charges-emails-paula-broadwell-affair-donald-trump-reaction/ [Accessed 28 Jul. 2016]. Smith, A. 2016.FBI director explains 'distinction' between Hillary Clinton and David Petraeus investigations. [online] Business Insider. Available at: https://www.businessinsider.in/FBI-director-explains-distinction-between-Hillary-Clinton-and-David-Petraeus-investigations/articleshow/53103535.cms [Accessed 28 Jul. 2016]. Timm, T. 2014.More people than ever oppose the NSA practices Edward Snowden revealed. Why should he spend his life in prison? | Trevor Timm. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/jul/19/edward-snowden-case-amnesty [Accessed 28 Jul. 2016]. Timm, T. 2015.Petraeus won't serve a day in jail for his leaks. Edward Snowden shouldn't either. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/mar/05/petraeus-jail-leaks-edward-snowden [Accessed 28 Jul. 2016]. Tucker, E. 2016.Similarities lacking in Clinton, Petraeus investigations. [online] PBS NewsHour. Available at: https://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/similarities-lacking-in-clinton-petraeus-investigations/ [Accessed 28 Jul. 2016]. Witosky, T. and Hansen, M. 2015.Equal before the law. USA: University of Iowa Press.

Systems Essay Example For Students

Systems Essay Computer technology: Thats entertainment, 2000CNN NewsStands James Hattori finds out what entertainment might look like in the year 2010Web posted at: 4:00 p. m. EST (2100 GMT)(CNN) As we reach the year 2000 and the next phase of the Information Age, its easy to forget that just 10 years ago, the Information Age was stuck on its launching pad. The Internet was unknown to nearly everyone except university researchers; TV was still patting itself on the back over cable success; films were searching for the next big thing; music was sold at record stores. Now, television and computers are colliding and millions of channels are on the horizon; films are bigger, clearer and cheaper to make; and music, more than any other industry, is using the Internet to market itselfHDTV will soon be rolling into homes, delivering a wider screen and digital picture Television is on the brink of major changes that may forever alter the way we live. It should all happen with the inevitable switch from analog to digital technology. Right now, most homes are equipped with analog, the design of which has remained largely unchanged since the invention of television. The new kid on the block is HD, or high-definition television, with more than three times the resolution of a standard analog set. Unfortunately, you cant see HDTVs higher quality on regular TV. And for now, HDTV does come with high price tags and scarce programming. But theres little doubt that television signals are going digital. I think the world of television and entertainment is poised for explosion, and that explosion comes about because television becomes digital, says Andy Lippman, associate director of Massachusetts Institute of Technologys (MIT) Media Lab. Its one of the premiere technology think tanks in the world. When television becomes digital, it becomes a lot more like the Internet, and that means that instead of a hundred or 500 or 1,000 channels, you have to think of television in terms of 243 million channels and accessing channels from all around the world. With a laser-pointer-like device, users can click on images on a interactive TV to purchase clothing and objects used by the actors on screen That new type of TV becomes interactive, too. For instance, you should be able to watch a favorite sitcom, and shop at the same time. This, through innovations like hypersoap. With underwriting by the JCPenney company, MIT professor Michael Bove along with a team of MIT students created the idea. Using a clicker like a remote control, hypersoap viewers can shop by highlighting any clothing or objects they see on the screen, allowing viewers of to buy the outfits worn by their favorite actors if not quite the shirts off their Friends' backs. And shopping is just one possibility. Interactive TV is also expected to allow viewers to gather additional relevant information on programs. For example, if youre watching a cooking program featuring chicken, youll be able to click one part of the screen and get the recipe. If youre watching a newscast on a Balkan uprising, you can click the remote and learn the history of the conflict, along with latest headlines and video. Your favorite TV show may soon follow you.. . from your living room, to your car radio, to your office computer There are also ideas in the works that can keep us from missing TV, even without using the VCR. Its always annoying when one is watching a television program, says Bove, and the telephone rings or one has to get into the car and go drive to work. And it would be possible, using almost the infrastructure we have right now, to make a television program that when Im watching, if I go out in the car, maybe it follows me by means of my pager and then my car, and when I get to work, it follows me up the steps and on to the screen of my PC. Genetic traits for Marfans syndrome Essay We will see a billion users of the Internet before the end of the year 2000, says Nicholas Negroponte, founder and director of MITs Media Lab. That is basically 20 percent of the planet. And whats really frightening, or interesting, depending on your perspective, is that the change from now will even be faster and bigger than were expecting. The only problem with MP3, however, is that it is a lossy compression scheme that is, one that must throw out musical data from the high and low ends of our hearing in order to achieve its small size. When you expand those files to put on an audio CD, they will not sound as good as the original tracks, because the information just isnt there. Enter SHN, a file format gaining popularity with fans of live music. SHN (or shortened) files only offer about 2:1 compression (unlike the 10:1 ratio common with MP3), but SHN files are lossless in every way the same as the source files from which they were made. Of course, with less compression, the files are also much larger a full shortened disc can take up about 400MB so theyre not exactly quick downloads. But with high-speed DSL and cable modems at home (and those blessed high-speed lines weve got at work), waiting several hours for a download while you sleep is much quicker and often more reliable than setting up and completing a CD trade by mail. Its also a great way for a single source (or seed) to get out to hundreds of people in a hurry. Often, a show will be transferred from DAT and encoding in SHN format just days after taking place perfect for us music junkies who cant wait to hear Phishs *http://www.phish. com/* latest version of Chalkdust Torture or You Enjoy Myself. As any music collector knows, you can never have too much of the same thing. The software youll need to take advantage of this great-sounding technology is called Shorten for Macintosh, which can expand SHN files to either AIFF or WAV formats, but only compresses WAV files. The free download is still in an early stage of development, but is very stablenot to mention that its currently the only choice for Mac users when it comes to SHN. Remember, however, that you cant play an SHN file like you would an MP3 it must be expanded for listening or recording onto a CD. Bibliography:

The Play Must Go West Essay Example For Students

The Play Must Go West Essay Soon after the American Revolution, Americans began their expansion to the west. It was our Manifest Destiny to tame the wilds of the west and expand our nation from coast to coast. Families from all over would load up their belongings and travel to the newly purchased lands. People from New York, Philadelphia, Boston and all parts of the new nation brought with them their language, culture and belief systems. Along with this they also brought the theater. It was not long after people would begin to live in an area that the theater would take root. The progress of the theater in the United States can be traced along the same routes as the settlement of the west. Beginning on the east coast with early colonies the theater was carried with our ancestors to their new homes in the west. From St. Louise to Kansas City, from Kansas City to California and all parts in between. Horace Greeley said Go west young man and the theater followed. In 1492 Christopher Columbus left Azones on a trip to discover a western sea route to the Orient. Seventy days later Columbus made land fall on what he thought was an outlying portion of Asia. We will write a custom essay on The Play Must Go West specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Columbus would go to his death believing he had landed in Asia, he was wrong. Although he did open up a new world for Europeans to expand their culture into. (Billington 15) Thought many early attempts where made to settle this new land. Most ended in disaster. In 1620 however, 128 years after Columbus made his brave but mistaken discovery of the new world, the pilgrims set out to make a permanent settlement in America. They put a shore in what is now called Massachusetts and formed a thriving, self governed colony. (Billington 57) 10 years later, John Wintrope brings 1000 colonist and founds the city of Boston. Wintropes British settlement had not been in the new world long, in fact less than a year, when they discovered that the Dutch had formed their own nearby settlement. The Dutch called their town New Amsterdam. This caused immediate competition and rivalry between the settlements. (Billington 60) After a war with the Dutch the city of New Amsterdam came into the possession of the British Empire and King Charles the Second. King Charles had newly been restored to the throne of England after a long forced vacation on the mainland of Europe. As a reward to those who supported his return, he annexed New Amsterdam and renamed it New York and gave large portions of it to his most loyal supporters. (Billington 67) In the ensuing years many English colonist came to the new world setting up towns and cities all along the Atlantic coast line. It is in these towns and cities that we see European culture, especially English culture, being planted in the new world. With this new culture being brought to this new and untamed land it is natural that the forms of entertainment would also not be far behind. The lands of the new world where now fertile for the seed of the theater. In 1716 we have records of a theater being built in Willamsburg Virginia. This is probable the first theater built in the Americas. While there where probable plays and some small theatrical productions being done earlier, this is our first ever record of a building being built for this specific purpose. (Hornblow) We know that in New York in 1752, the Hallams performed the Merchant of Venice. We also know that the Hallams used a theater that was build for use by Murray and Kean who had a troupe who had performed the same play along with Richard the III many years earlier. (Hornblow) .ucadc97b1add0742d9ef4f4e35f46cc6e , .ucadc97b1add0742d9ef4f4e35f46cc6e .postImageUrl , .ucadc97b1add0742d9ef4f4e35f46cc6e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucadc97b1add0742d9ef4f4e35f46cc6e , .ucadc97b1add0742d9ef4f4e35f46cc6e:hover , .ucadc97b1add0742d9ef4f4e35f46cc6e:visited , .ucadc97b1add0742d9ef4f4e35f46cc6e:active { border:0!important; } .ucadc97b1add0742d9ef4f4e35f46cc6e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucadc97b1add0742d9ef4f4e35f46cc6e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucadc97b1add0742d9ef4f4e35f46cc6e:active , .ucadc97b1add0742d9ef4f4e35f46cc6e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucadc97b1add0742d9ef4f4e35f46cc6e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ucadc97b1add0742d9ef4f4e35f46cc6e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucadc97b1add0742d9ef4f4e35f46cc6e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucadc97b1add0742d9ef4f4e35f46cc6e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucadc97b1add0742d9ef4f4e35f46cc6e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucadc97b1add0742d9ef4f4e35f46cc6e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ucadc97b1add0742d9ef4f4e35f46cc6e .ucadc97b1add0742d9ef4f4e35f46cc6e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucadc97b1add0742d9ef4f4e35f46cc6e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Electrical energy EssaySo theater came early to the Americas but was contained to the coastal areas much like the colonies where. It would take the formation of a new country and an expansion of the boarders of this new country to help theater on its western trek across the great expanses of North America. Caused by what they believed was an erosions of their natural rights and being governed with out representation The colonies in America decided to take a bold move and break their ties with their English masters. This of course was not well received by the King of England and what is known as the American Revolution ensued. In 1775 in Lexington and Concord fighting broke out between American Colonist and English Troops. On July 4, 1776, the Second Continental Congress signed a document that had been penned by Thomas Jefferson. The document was a Declaration of Independence. While the matter was by no means decided and a long war followed, for all practical purposes the United States Of America was born. (McKay 696) In an effort to expand the borders of the United States and to help get European interest off the continent. Thomas Jefferson, now president of the United States purchases from France a vast area called Louisiana. So on April 30th, 1803 the territory of the fledgling country of the United States was more than doubled. In this territory there where already established cities and populations. Cities like New Orleans and St. Louise had long been active trading areas for the French and Spanish governments. (Billington 244) These areas quickly became attractive for new migrations of the Americans. Although both cities spoke very little English. The rapid movement of Americans into them caused a need for English spoken entertainment. In New Orleans there where French speaking theaters as early as 1809 but there had never been any English language plays performed. A man named Noah Ludlow with the help of some actors from the Turner company decided to go to New Orleans and perform. They had been told that there was a large English speaking population there now and they where in need to spend their money on English speaking plays. This is all that Ludlow needed. Although some of his partners protested and left the troupe, Ludlow with many others departed from Nashville on Oct. 0th 1917. (Hornblow) They traveled down the Ohio river to the Mississippi They arrived in Natches some days later and upon the insistence of the local movers and shakers performed one of their plays. The Honeymoon was the first play to ever be performed in Natches. The troupe stayed for a few days but then continued their travels to New Orleans. On Dec. 24th 1817 Ludlow and his trouped opened their theater in New Orleans with the plays The Honeymoon and a farce called The Hotel, or a servant with two masters. The theater was called the St. Philip because it was on St. Phillips St. The venture was a huge success before Ludlow decided to go back to Nashville for other endeavors. (Hornblow) It is only fitting that the man who brought theater to the Louisiana territory be the one who brings it to St. Louis. Noah Ludlow decided that the small city of St. Louis was ripe for his theater troupe. With a population of some 4000 St. Louis had never seen a professional performance of a play. There where some amateurs performing in the area and in their theater is where ludlow decided to set up. (Hornblow) On Nov 20th 1819, Ludlow and his troupe boarded a keel boat in Nashville and started on his journey to St. Louis. This journey was much more difficult than the one to New Orleans for part of the trip was up current on the Mississippi. They had to travel by a procedure called Cordelling. This entailed men with ropes pulling the boats up the river. Finally arriving in St. Louse Ludlows troupe performed in mid December 1819. They once again performed the play The Honeymoon. (Hornblow) Theater had now expanded to the western shores of the Mississippi. .u673e39c5ba40f79675174aadeaa3c838 , .u673e39c5ba40f79675174aadeaa3c838 .postImageUrl , .u673e39c5ba40f79675174aadeaa3c838 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u673e39c5ba40f79675174aadeaa3c838 , .u673e39c5ba40f79675174aadeaa3c838:hover , .u673e39c5ba40f79675174aadeaa3c838:visited , .u673e39c5ba40f79675174aadeaa3c838:active { border:0!important; } .u673e39c5ba40f79675174aadeaa3c838 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u673e39c5ba40f79675174aadeaa3c838 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u673e39c5ba40f79675174aadeaa3c838:active , .u673e39c5ba40f79675174aadeaa3c838:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u673e39c5ba40f79675174aadeaa3c838 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u673e39c5ba40f79675174aadeaa3c838 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u673e39c5ba40f79675174aadeaa3c838 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u673e39c5ba40f79675174aadeaa3c838 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u673e39c5ba40f79675174aadeaa3c838:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u673e39c5ba40f79675174aadeaa3c838 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u673e39c5ba40f79675174aadeaa3c838 .u673e39c5ba40f79675174aadeaa3c838-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u673e39c5ba40f79675174aadeaa3c838:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Shakespeare1 EssayThe United States would soon conquer from coast to coast in North American. Expanding from the Mississippi to the coast in California. As the Mormons expanded into the great Salt lake area of Utah and the Mexican War would add vast new land, including California into the United States the theater would not be far behind On may 16, 1846 the United States declared war on Mexico. Caused partially because of United States annexation of Texas, disagreements on borders and President Polks desire to expand the United States territory. (Clark) While preparations for war where ensuing in Texas, Col. Stephen Kearney was on his way west to take New Mexico and California. On Jan. 10th 1847, California was conquered. The treaty of Guadeloupe-Hidalgo was signed on Feb 2, 1848 after the United States had defeated the Mexican troops and captured the Mexican capital of Mexico City. This treaty set the new borders along the Rio Grande river and gave to the United States New Mexico and California. With these new accusations the west was now ready for its infusion of the theater. (Billington 586) On July 24th, 1847, A group of Mormons lead by Brigham Young founded the city of Salt Lake in the territory of Utah. Billington 541) The Mormon had always been supporters of the theater and they carried their love of the theater with them west. Joseph Smith encouraged the formation of a Theatrical company long before their exodus to the west. (Hornblow) Soon after settling in their new homes Salt Lake City plays where being performed. In an area called the Bowery the Mormons would congregate to watch all sorts of productions. It was here in 1850 that the Salt Lake Theater Stock Company was created. Their first play was The Dead Shot In 1862 Brigham young built the Salt Lake Theater. Hornblow) While this was going on in Salt Lake City American where rushing to California to cash in on the gold rush. In 1849 the famous gold rush began in California. (Clark) As American headed west to the shores of the Pacific ocean theater followed. On Jan 1850 in Washington Hall, a building in San Francisco. The first professional play was performed in California. A play by Sheridan Knowles called The Wife played to a packed house. By 1851 there where at least 3 professional theaters operating in San Francisco. (Hornblow) Manifest Destiny, this became the call of many Americans as the United States expanded westward. We got on boats, filled our wagons and populated North America from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Times where hard for these early settlers but in it all they found time for entertainment. The theater has been there from the beginning to entertain, educate and make us think. Not only has the theater expanded across the land it has expanded across time. While some would argue it was a natural expansion of the theater to the camera and then to the television. Our lives are totally entwined in the theatrical arts. So when Horace Greeley said Go west young man we did and we took the theater with us.

Jay’s Treaty, Between Britain and the U.S.

Jay’s Treaty, Between Britain and the U.S. Jay’s Treaty was an agreement between the United States and Great Britain signed on November 19, 1794 intended to avert war and resolve issues between the two countries that had lingered since the end of the American Revolutionary War. While it was unpopular with the American public, the treaty succeeded in ensuring a decade of peaceful and mutually profitable trade between the United States and Britain during the French Revolutionary Wars. The treaty was signed by President George Washington on November 19, 1794 and approved by the U.S. Senate on June 24, 1795. It was then ratified by the British Parliament and took effect on February 29, 1796. Officially titled, â€Å"Treaty of Amity, Commerce, and Navigation, Between His Britannic Majesty and the United States of America,† and also called â€Å"Jay Treaty,† the pact draws its name from John Jay, its chief U.S. negotiator. Key Takeaways: Jay's Treaty Jay’s Treaty was a diplomatic agreement reached in 1794 between the United States and Great Britain.Jay’s Treaty was intended to resolve disputes between the two nations that remained after the 1783 Treaty of Paris had ended the American Revolutionary War.The treaty was signed on November 19, 1794, approved by the U.S. Senate on June 24, 1795, and approved by the British Parliament, thus placing it into full effect on February 29, 1796.The treaty draws its name from its chief U.S. negotiator, first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, John Jay.   Bitter objections to the treaty by the French government led to the XYZ Affair of 1797 and the 1798 Quasi-War with France. In the United States, political conflict over ratification of the treaty contributed to the creation of America’s first two political parties: the pro-treaty Federalist Party, led by Alexander Hamilton, and the anti-treaty Democratic-Republican Party led by Anti-federalists Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. International Issues Driving Jay’s Treaty After the American Revolutionary War ended, tensions between the United States and Great Britain remained understandably high. Specifically, three main issues remained unresolved even after the 1783 Treaty of Paris had ended military hostilities: Goods exported from America were still being blocked by Britain’s wartime trade restrictions and tariffs. At the same time, British imports were flooding American markets, leaving the U.S. facing a significant trade deficit.  Ã‚  British troops were still occupying several forts on U.S.-claimed territory from the Great Lakes region to modern-day Ohio, which they had agreed to vacate in the Treaty of Paris. The British occupation of the forts left American frontier settlers living in those territories open to recurrent attacks by Indian tribes.Britain continued to seize American ships carrying military supplies and force or â€Å"impress† the American sailors into the service of the British Royal Navy to fight against France. When France went to war with Great Britain in 1793, the long period of global peace that had helped the newly-independent United States flourish in both trade and revenue ended. America’s intent to remain neutral in the European war was tested when between 1793 and 1801, the British Royal Navy, without warning, captured nearly 250 American merchant ships carrying goods from French colonies in the West Indies. The combination of these and other lingering issues and animosities brought the U.S. and Britain back to the brink of war in the late 1700s. US Response and Politics The American public was outraged, especially by Britain’s seizure of American ships, cargo, and impressment of sailors. In Congress, Thomas Jefferson demanded passage of a declaration of war. James Madison, however, called for a trade embargo on all British goods as a more moderate response. At the same time, British officials made matters even worse by selling rifles and other weapons to the First Nations Indian tribes near the Canadian- American border and telling their leaders that they no longer needed to respect the border. American political leaders were bitterly divided on how to respond. Led by Jefferson and Madison, the Democratic-Republicans favored aiding the French in its war with Britain. However, Hamilton’s Federalists argued that negotiating for peaceful relations with Britain- especially trade relations- could turn the British into a lasting and powerful ally. President George Washington agreed with Hamilton and sent Chief Justice of the Supreme Court John Jay to London to negotiate an all-encompassing treaty- Jay’s Treaty. Negotiations and Terms of the Treaty Despite his well-known command of diplomacy, Jay faced a daunting negotiating task in London. He believed that his best bargaining chip was the threat that America would assist the neutral Danish and the Swedish governments in preventing the British from forcibly seizing their goods. However, what Jay did not know was that in a well-intentioned attempt to establish good-will with Britain, Hamilton had independently informed British leadership that the U.S. government had no intention of helping any of the neutral European nations. In doing this, Hamilton left Jay with little clout in demanding concessions from the British. When Jay’s Treaty was finally signed in London on November 19, 1794, the American negotiators had won only two immediate concessions. The British agreed to vacate its forts in the northern United States territories by June 1796. In addition, Britain agreed to grant the United States the advantageous â€Å"most favored nation† trading status, but greatly limited U.S. trade to emerging lucrative markets in the British West Indies.   Most other outstanding issues, including British seizures of American ships and repayment of U.S. pre-Revolutionary War debts to Britain, were left to be decided later through the relatively new process of international arbitration. Jay was forced to concede that during the undefined period of arbitration, Britain could continue to seize U.S. goods headed for France on American ships if they paid for them and could seize French goods transported on American ships without payment. However, Jay failed in his attempt to negotiate an end to Britain’s impressment of American sailors into the Royal Navy, a sore point which would slowly fester into a key issue driving the War of 1812. While the American public, feeling it overly advantageous to Britain loudly objected to Jay’s Treaty, it passed in the U.S. Senate by a 20 to 10 vote on June 24, 1795. Despite the many objections against doing so, President Washington implemented the treaty, considering it to be the price of a period of peace during which the United States could rebuild its funds and military forces in the event of future conflicts. Jay’s Treaty and Indian Rights Article III of Jay’s Treaty granted all Indians, American citizens, and Canadian subjects the perpetual right to freely travel between the United States and Canada, then a British territory, for purposes travel or trade. Since then, the United States has honored this agreement by codifying its provision in Section 289 of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, as amended. As a result of Jay’s Treaty, â€Å"Native Indians born in Canada are therefore entitled to enter the United States for the purpose of employment, study, retirement, investing, and/or immigration.† Today, Article III of Jay’s Treaty is cited as the basis of many legal claims filed against the U.S. and Canadian governments by Indians and Indian tribes. Impact and Legacy of Jay’s Treaty Historians generally agree that in terms of modern international diplomacy, Jay got the â€Å"short end of the stick,† by having achieved only two minor immediate concessions from the British. However, as Historian Marshall Smelser points out, Jay’s Treaty did achieve President Washington’s primary goal- preventing another war with Great Britain, or at least delaying that war until the United States could become financially, politically, and militarily able to fight it.   In 1955, historian Bradford Perkins conclude that Jay’s treaty brought the United States and Great Britain from within a sword’s point of war in 1794 to the brink of the true and lasting friendship and cooperation that endures today. â€Å"Through a decade of world war and peace, successive governments on both sides of the Atlantic were able to bring about and preserve a cordiality which often approached genuine friendship,† he wrote.   Sources Bemis, Samuel Flagg. â€Å"Jays Treaty and the Northwest Boundary Gap. Harvard College Library First Nations and Native Americans United States Embassy, Consular Services Canada.Karl S. Hele.Lines Drawn upon the Water: First Nations and the Great Lakes Borders and Borderlands Wilfrid Laurier University PressElkins, Stanley M. and Eric McKitrick. The Age of Federalism: The Early American Republic, 1788–1800 February 1, 1995. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN-13: 978-0195093810Smelser, Marshall. The Democratic Republic, 1801-1815 Waveland Press. March 1, 1992. ISBN-13: 978-0881336689Perkins, Bradford. The First Rapprochement: England and the United States, 1795–1805 University of California Press. ISBN-13: 978-052000998